Iran Local Histories
mohammad zahdi; Mohammad Hossein daneskia
Abstract
Investigating the influential factors in Islamic civilization is important. The people of different cities, including Qom, as one of the important Shiite religious cities, have been influential in the flourishing of Islamic civilization. This research using the descriptive-analytical method based on ...
Read More
Investigating the influential factors in Islamic civilization is important. The people of different cities, including Qom, as one of the important Shiite religious cities, have been influential in the flourishing of Islamic civilization. This research using the descriptive-analytical method based on the data of the most authentic narrative and historical, geographical and royal books, seeks to answer the question that what effects did Qom have on Islamic civilization from the second to the fourth century Hijri? The findings show that the people of Qom, both local natives and Arab Shiite Ash'aris, using efficient manpower and a coherent plan, in a short period of time, were able to have an impact on Islamic civilization by self-sufficient in various political, economic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, animal husbandry, judicial, military, scientific, architectural and art sectors, exporting high-quality goods to Islamic countries, providing efficient political force for other cities, sending merchants and traders to different Islamic cities, ensuring the security of transportation routes, and inventing and transferring the art and architecture style to other Islamic cities.
Iran Local Histories
badrosadat alizademoghadam; Morteza Nikravesh; ahmad bazmandegan khamiri; sasan Tahmasbi
Abstract
With the increasing communication between Indian Persians and Iranian Zoroastrians during the Naseri period, Indian Persians sent representatives and established associations among Iranian Zoroastrians, especially Yazd Zoroastrians, with the aim of improving their fellow believers’ status and religious ...
Read More
With the increasing communication between Indian Persians and Iranian Zoroastrians during the Naseri period, Indian Persians sent representatives and established associations among Iranian Zoroastrians, especially Yazd Zoroastrians, with the aim of improving their fellow believers’ status and religious and social affairs in Iran. The formation of these associations in Yazd, along with the efforts of some Zoroastrian reformers, especially the Persians, caused significant changes in the conditions of the Zoroastrians in this area. This research, with a descriptive and analytical approach and based on library and documentary sources, seeks to answer the main question that what role did Zoroastrian associations in Yazd play in Zoroastrians’ cultural and social life during the Qajar period? The findings indicate that Indian Persians played a significant role in improving the condition of Yazd Zoroastrians during the Qajar era through the establishment of associations such as Akaber association and Naseri association. These associations with the help of the representatives sent by Indian Persians, played a significant role in Yazd Zoroastrians’ social and cultural life in t affaires such as canceling the jizya, establishing new schools, and removing injustices from the Zoroastrian minority.
Iran Local Histories
Maryam Khosroabadi; Milad Ajami
Abstract
The most important feature of the Ismaili movement was its longevity. This movement started in the middle of the second century of Hijri and continued until the fall of the Ismaili castles by the Mongols (7th century of Hijri). During all this time, "being an Ismaili" meant a challenge to the Islamic ...
Read More
The most important feature of the Ismaili movement was its longevity. This movement started in the middle of the second century of Hijri and continued until the fall of the Ismaili castles by the Mongols (7th century of Hijri). During all this time, "being an Ismaili" meant a challenge to the Islamic world and was called a deviant sect, atheist, irreligious and non-Muslim by the Sunni governments as well as other Shiite groups. The remnants of the Ismaili communities from the Mongol to the Safavid era began their resurrection ina challenge to the subsequent governments. After the fall of Alamut in Kerman, we witness a peaceful coexistence between the Ismaili community and the post-Safawi governments, which, according to some opinions, were not interested in conflict with the Ismaili survivors. From the point of view of this writing, the Ismaili imams first promoted peaceful coexistence with the Iranian Muslim community in Kerman, and then the aforementioned governments were forced to compromise with them. The main question of the research is how this coexistence took place and what were its reasons and factors? The results showed that the geographical, economic and political conditions of Kerman created a platform where the Ismaili leaders, by understanding the spatial and temporal conditions, without spreading the religion, could be accepted by the people of Kerman as Sadat Hosseini and the descendants of the Prophet, and made the governments of Zand and Qajar obliged to respect their situation. Hosseini Sadat and the descendants of the Prophet accepted the word of being Ismaili and replaced it with the discourse of peace and coexistence. The present study tries to introduce Kerman as a platform for the revival of the Ismailis after the decline of the death period in order to enter the modern world.
Iran Local Histories
Mina Moeini; Ali Akbar Jafari; Morteza Dehqannejad
Abstract
Russia's attempts to infiltrate in Northern provinces of Iran became more serious during the Qajar period, and finally became more noticeable and evident after concluding the treaties of Golestan and Turkamanchai. The Russians paid special attention to Astarabad because of its unique commercial and geographical ...
Read More
Russia's attempts to infiltrate in Northern provinces of Iran became more serious during the Qajar period, and finally became more noticeable and evident after concluding the treaties of Golestan and Turkamanchai. The Russians paid special attention to Astarabad because of its unique commercial and geographical location. By influencing in Astarabad, they had a significant impact on the events of this area. This situation progressed to the point that the ruler of the region was actually the Russian consul and the Iranian authorities had no power against him. This study aims to investigate the state of Astarabad province and the reasons for the inability of its rulers to deal with Russian infiltrate and domination and seeks to answer this question: Why the governors of Astarabad didn’t have a proper reaction to the influence of the Russians? According to the findings of this descriptive-analytical study, the absence of powerful and reforming rulers in the Asatrabad, the oppression and abuse of the Iranian authorities and rulers of this region to the people, the lack of unity among the residents, and finally the collusion of some Iranian officials with the Russians, increased Russian dominance and presence in the state.
.
Iran Local Histories
ahmad bazmandegan khamiri
Abstract
The name of the Persian Gulf has always been associated with trade and as one of the important waterways, it played a vital role in the exchange of goods between East and West, which was mentioned in the sources of the past. On the eve of the constitutional revolution and with the expansion of newspapers, ...
Read More
The name of the Persian Gulf has always been associated with trade and as one of the important waterways, it played a vital role in the exchange of goods between East and West, which was mentioned in the sources of the past. On the eve of the constitutional revolution and with the expansion of newspapers, new written sources addressed this field. Mozaffari newspaper which was one of the most important newspapers in the south of Iran, devoted important articles to this field. This article seeks to answer this question: what was the approach of this newspaper to the category of merchants and trade and tries to examine this issue in a descriptive-analytical method and with a critical approach. The findings showed that, according to Mozaffari newspaper, Iran's trade in the Persian Gulf declined during this period, and one of the main factors was British interference and concessions, which in practice limited free trade in the region and left no space for competition. This newspaper did not consider trade as only the exchange of goods, but considered it a complex process of which the exchange of goods was a part. The process of product production, which is considered an inseparable part of it is neglected in the meantime. A part that, according to the newspaper, has not been given much value in Iran's foreign trade.
.
Iran Local Histories
Yaser Karimi gilaye; hojjat fallah tootkar; Bagher Ali Adelfar; mohsen bahram nezhad
Abstract
Teachers and students were one of the most important social forces emerging from the new educational structure in the country, who took a critical stance towards the unbalanced Pahlavi government’s political and social functions. The teachers and students of Guilan province, like their counterparts ...
Read More
Teachers and students were one of the most important social forces emerging from the new educational structure in the country, who took a critical stance towards the unbalanced Pahlavi government’s political and social functions. The teachers and students of Guilan province, like their counterparts in other provinces of the country, after the transformation in the social structure, the expansion of the challenging discourses of the political system and the emergence of the destructive leader named Imam Khomeini, have provided the foundation for the emergence of dissatisfaction and street protests and created cultural and revolutionary activism by participating in protests and marches and distributing and reproducting of revolutionary leaflets and books. This research with descriptive-analytical approach and historical method and relying on documentary sources and oral history tries to answer the question, what role did teachers and students of different cities of Gilan province play in the formation and political mobilization of forces in the Islamic Revolution. ? The findings showed that they were among the pioneers of the flow of awareness and political cohesion to carry out revolutionary action among different strata of the society, and with their behavioral and expressive actions, they provided the ground for the presence of the revolutionary masses in the scene of the revolution..
Iran Local Histories
mojtaba soltani ahmadi; Iraj Soori; mostafa gohari fakhrabad
Abstract
In the field of historiography of Lorestan in the second Pahlavi era, no research has been done to determine the subject areas and methodology. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the remaining works about the history of Lorestan during the Pahlavi period (1357-1320) and to criticize ...
Read More
In the field of historiography of Lorestan in the second Pahlavi era, no research has been done to determine the subject areas and methodology. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the remaining works about the history of Lorestan during the Pahlavi period (1357-1320) and to criticize the common writing styles of that time in terms of method and content. The general feature of existing historiography is the investigation of personalities, institutions and organizations, which mostly covers political history and less deals with social, economic, cultural and artistic history. Therefore, the scientific criticism and evaluation of these works is important for the purpose of the desired scientific productions and the promotion of researches in the field of local history of Lorestan. The findings indicate that three main types of historiography can be identified: character-oriented historiography or monograph, official historiography with the content of works and compositions (books), and oral historiography. In these works, people of Lorestan’s social history, including the petitions of the people to the members of parliament, which are a good source in this regard, have been neglected. Another problem in the field of historiography of this period is the dispersion of data and information sources. The lack of an independent document database specific to the province has made difficult to access to sufficient data for scientific productions.
Iran Local Histories
hadi bayati; hamidreza moniri
Abstract
The most important goal of this qualitative-descriptive research is the historical investigation of the formation of the resources of the religious forces mobilization in Saveh in the process of the Islamic revolution from 1963-1978. The data collection method is the documents related to the revolution ...
Read More
The most important goal of this qualitative-descriptive research is the historical investigation of the formation of the resources of the religious forces mobilization in Saveh in the process of the Islamic revolution from 1963-1978. The data collection method is the documents related to the revolution based on Charles Tilly's resource mobilization theory. The research seeks to answer the main question: what was the historical process of mobilizing the resources of religious forces in the process of the Islamic revolution in Saveh? It seems that the components extracted from Charles Tilly's theory are appropriate in explaining how to mobilize the resources of the religious forces of Saveh city in the Islamic revolution process. The findings indicate that in the process of the Islamic revolution in Saveh, the different groups and classes that sought to mobilize resources against the Pahlavi regime include: clergy, marketers, educators (teachers and students) and women. In this period, non-organizational groups centered on clerics were formed and they were mainly active in mosques and religious centers. All sources of power were operating by not using compulsory sources such as weapons, useful sources through information services such as cassette tapes and normative sources with religious ceremonies during the days of Muharram, Safar and Ramadan. The resource mobilization were formed with defensive mobilization with measures such as destroying the statue of the king and aggresive mobilization with strikes, closing markets and demonstrations, and collective actions were assoiated with two types of "reactive collective action" (strikes) and "initiative collective action" (street clashes between revolutionary forces and regime agents).
Iran Local Histories
mehrdad ronaghi; javad sakha; masood mohammadi
Abstract
The Kerman Seljuk Sultanate or Al-Qaward (432-583 AH), one of the most important local governments in Seljuk history, was formed by Qaward in Kerman and controlled Kerman to the coast of Oman for one hundred and fifty years. It was the source of changes in the economy and land and sea trade; so that ...
Read More
The Kerman Seljuk Sultanate or Al-Qaward (432-583 AH), one of the most important local governments in Seljuk history, was formed by Qaward in Kerman and controlled Kerman to the coast of Oman for one hundred and fifty years. It was the source of changes in the economy and land and sea trade; so that during this period, Kerman became one of the commercial bases in the territory of the Great Seljuk. Although due to the challenge between Sultan Malik Shah and Qaward, the founder of the Kerman Seljuk, several wars took place which caused a strain in the their relations, but finally they made peace and Al-Qaward tried not to interfere in the conflicts between the princes and the central government. This study aimed to identify the factors of survival and continuity of this local dynasty during the critical period after the death of Malek Shah. The results showed that the political attitude of Qaward's successors towards the central government in not intervening in the Seljuk conflicts and their attention to commercial and economic prosperity in the long term became the secret of its survival and stability. This research tries to analyze the subject from different angles based on the historical research method with a descriptive approach and referring to the original sources.
Iran Local Histories
hamid basiratmanesh; Seyyed Mahmood Sadat Bidgoli; Mohammad Ebrahimifiluri
Abstract
Background and purposes: The land reform plan at the beginning of 1965 was a part of the modernization and change of the social structure of Iran project during the Pahlavi era. This plan had many consequences in political, cultural and social fields. Although land reforms in Isfahan destroyed a traditional ...
Read More
Background and purposes: The land reform plan at the beginning of 1965 was a part of the modernization and change of the social structure of Iran project during the Pahlavi era. This plan had many consequences in political, cultural and social fields. Although land reforms in Isfahan destroyed a traditional and old order; but it could not replace it with a new system and it led to social tensions between the owners, farmers and implementers of land reforms (the government). The purpose of this research is to document social tensions resulting from land reforms in Isfahan province.Method: This descriptive-analytical research has been done with documentary method and historical research based on archival documents.Findings and conclusions: The land reforms plan in Isfahan not only did not create social balance, but also resulted in fragmentation of lands, lack of fair distribution of land and consequently unemployment, poverty and deep differences between owners, farmers and Pahlavi government. This involved the villagers and caused the urban balance and migration and marginalization disruption..
Iran Local Histories
fatemeh jafarnia; Mohammad aziznegad; Ramezan Bidar
Abstract
Ziyad Oghli Qajar dynasty was among the important and influential families in the Caucasus who emerged from the transformation process of the political and administrative structure of the Safavid government. This dynasty developed from the Qajar tribe and gained power in Karabakh by the support of the ...
Read More
Ziyad Oghli Qajar dynasty was among the important and influential families in the Caucasus who emerged from the transformation process of the political and administrative structure of the Safavid government. This dynasty developed from the Qajar tribe and gained power in Karabakh by the support of the Safavid kings. Ziyad Oghli dynasty was one of the most important advocates of the establishment and perpetuation of the political sovereignty of the Safavid state in the Caucasus. There is no clear picture of their political and military role in Karabakh during the reign of Shah Tahmasb I, and therefore, further studies is essential. This research attempted to answer the question: What was Ziyad Oghli dynasty’s role in the political developments of the Caucasus during the reign of Shah Tahmasb I? The findings showed that the Ziyad Oghli dynasty was responsible for the security and protection of the Safavid frontiers against the Ottomans. Moreover, they had to deal with Georgia's internal affairs and suppress the riots against the Safavid state in the eastern parts of Georgia. In other words, their most important role was to stabilize and perpetuate the political sovereignty of the Safavid state in the Caucasus.The research was a descriptive and analytical study.
Iran Local Histories
Esmaeil Hassanzadeh; Hojat Niknafs
Abstract
Study ruling families’ rise of power after the decline of the central powers shows the historical process of passing from centralized Iranian governments to local governments. Unfortunately, theoretical studies related to family history have not yet begun in Iran, so that the emergence and decline ...
Read More
Study ruling families’ rise of power after the decline of the central powers shows the historical process of passing from centralized Iranian governments to local governments. Unfortunately, theoretical studies related to family history have not yet begun in Iran, so that the emergence and decline of ruling families can be examined in detail. This article studies and analyzes fall of the Gavrudian in Gavrudi region near Hamedan and Kurdistan and in particular Gavrudian's policy towards the three governments of kara kouynlu, Timurid, and Ak kouynlu. The main problem of the Gavrudians who ruled during the 9th century that they could adjust their interests to the three governments’ different and fluid interests. Thus, the fluidity of central governments’ interests led to the Gavrudians’ reaction fluidity and complexity. They could not establish a strong and stable power against the central governments’ centralist policies. The rapid changes forced them to adopt immediate and opportunistic policies. Therefore they became confused. In addition, intra-family rivalries and the performance of rival families reduced their power.
Iran Local Histories
Abstract
During Shahrokh Afshar’s reign in Khorasan, Ahmad Shah Durrani marched to Khorasan three times. Meanwhile, Shahrokh, who was not able to face Ahmad Shah directly, tried to deal with this issue with a different policy. He prevented the capture of Mashhad by taking refuge in the city’s fortress ...
Read More
During Shahrokh Afshar’s reign in Khorasan, Ahmad Shah Durrani marched to Khorasan three times. Meanwhile, Shahrokh, who was not able to face Ahmad Shah directly, tried to deal with this issue with a different policy. He prevented the capture of Mashhad by taking refuge in the city’s fortress for a while, but eventually he was obliged to negotiate and Ahmad Shad controlled Mashhad by appointing a delegate. In the present article, which has been written using descriptive and analytical method, Ahmad Shah’s motivation for invading Khorasan and the description of his conflicts in various regions, particularly in Mashhad and Shahrokh’s position and dual policies of confrontation and interaction in facing him have been investigated. The findings indicate that Ahmad Shah’s history of service in Nader’s army played a significant role in his knowledge of the elements of power and the structure of Afsharid reign and his military expedition to Khorasan, and despite his success, whenever the disgruntled Shahrokh had the opportunity, he disobeyed him and expressed his opposition. Meanwhile, the local rulers of Khorasan’s resistance against Ahmad Shah was also fruitful, so that he finally agreed to obey Shahrokh and returned to his own capital. However, these wars caused the destruction of various cities and great damage to the people of Khorasan, which could not be compensated for a long time.
Iran Local Histories
Kaykhosrow Khosravi Nejad; Soheila Torabi Farsani; Esmaeil Sangari
Abstract
The constant selection of Tisphoon in Āsōristān state as capital by the Sasanid emperors showed the importance of this region in their governance system. The construction of new cities and the development of urban infrastructures, such as water structures, and promotion of agriculture by the Sasanids ...
Read More
The constant selection of Tisphoon in Āsōristān state as capital by the Sasanid emperors showed the importance of this region in their governance system. The construction of new cities and the development of urban infrastructures, such as water structures, and promotion of agriculture by the Sasanids show that they paid special attention to the political-economic role of Āsōristān cities. Hence, it is important to investigate the political-economic situation of this region, particularly in the last half century of the Sasanid dynasty, which finally led to the fall of this dynasty. This research using library sources and descriptive analytical method, seeks to find an answer to this question: what effect did the political -economic situation of the Āsōristān state with Madā’en as capital have on the fall and conquest of it by Muslim Arabs? The findings show that different wars, the diseases such as plague, and floods destroyed vital parts of the Sassanid irrigation system and consequently decreased government revenues. Economic decline led to the downfall of imperial military force, too. On the other hand, the change in the demographic composition of the state due to the migration of ethnic groups or change of people’s religion had negative effects on the Iranians’ resistance. Many residents of the cities, especially the peasants, were forced to compromise and cooperate with the Arabs in order to improve their livelihoods or maintain their privileges..
Iran Local Histories
Ali Rasouli
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
Local dynasties, especially in the periods of intercession, have been important influential factors in the historical developments of southern Iran and the Persian Gulf. The current research deals with one of the lesser known Sheikhs of the interval between the collapse of the Afshar ...
Read More
A B S T R A C T
Local dynasties, especially in the periods of intercession, have been important influential factors in the historical developments of southern Iran and the Persian Gulf. The current research deals with one of the lesser known Sheikhs of the interval between the collapse of the Afshar government and the establishment of the Zand government, Sheikh Hajar Kangani, who gained local authority in Kangan port. The research focuses on: "Why did Kangan Port become a platform for the formation of local power by Sheikh Hajar? What ups and downs did his power go through and how did he face the foreign powers present in the Persian Gulf and Karim Khan Zand?" Studying the evidence confirms that Kangan port achieved relative superiority in commercial prosperity due to increased insecurity in other ports, its geographical and strategic location in the light of Sheikh Hajar's actions became important as one of the connection points between Shiraz and the Persian Gulf. So Sheikh Hajar became an important local power. But his tension with the British, refusing to participate in the war with Mir Mahna and resisting the tax demands of the Zand government led to the darkness of Sheikh Hajar's relations with it, Zand Corps’ military attack to Kangan and the end of his work. The method of this historical research is descriptive and analytical. Data Collection done mainly in a library style, and as the case, using oral history and surveying works.
.
Iran Local Histories
babak zeilabpour
Abstract
Qashqai tribe is one of the big and ancient tribes of southern Iran. Fars province is the main center of their life, but since the life of the nomads is connected with nature, according to the season they migrate to reach Yailaq and Qeshlaq. During the reign of Fath_Ali_Shah, the Qashqai tribe became ...
Read More
Qashqai tribe is one of the big and ancient tribes of southern Iran. Fars province is the main center of their life, but since the life of the nomads is connected with nature, according to the season they migrate to reach Yailaq and Qeshlaq. During the reign of Fath_Ali_Shah, the Qashqai tribe became a powerful tribe in Fars province that Jani_Khan and his children were the head of it. document containing six endowments letter from Jani_Khan and his children has remained. But what historical information do the endowments letters provide in the field of Qashqai and documentary studies? This article is written with the aim of introducing and analyzing six endowment letters of Jani_Khan and his children with a descriptive analytical method. The results show that some endowment documents remained from the Shahilo family. The geographical scope of theses endowments is Fars province and during the governorship of Hossein_Ali_Mirza. The endowments letters indicate that Ismail_Khan Qashqai had another son named Reza_Khan in addition to his two sons named Jani_Khan and Haji_Hassan_Khan. In the endowment letters the shares of five people of the Shahilo_family from their properties in Shiraz and sections of Fars province have been determined. Jani_Khan and his sons named Muhammad_Ali_Khan and Morteza_Gholi_Khan have dedicated their estate. Endowments made with, different motivations, are specific and general specific. By searching for the names of Shaykh al-Islam, the wording of the registration, the place of the seal, and the names of the writers and the registrars we can understand that the endownment letters of Qashqai were organized and registered in a special way in the Islamic court of Shiraz.
Iran Local Histories
Leila Gholamrezaie; Amirhossein Hatami
Abstract
Since groups of Jewish immigrants or exiles resided in some Iranian historical cities before and after Islam, these cities or a part of them are called Yahoudiya. These Jews never integrated into host communities due to their strong internal ties, efforts to maintain independence, and segregation from ...
Read More
Since groups of Jewish immigrants or exiles resided in some Iranian historical cities before and after Islam, these cities or a part of them are called Yahoudiya. These Jews never integrated into host communities due to their strong internal ties, efforts to maintain independence, and segregation from other ethnic groups. They settled together in a separate - but close - part of the local population and formed the original core of Yahudiya. Among these, the most important and famous was the Yahudiya of Isfahan. They migrated to this region centuries before the arrival of Islam and founded Yahudiya alongside Jey (the core of later Isfahan). In the present article, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to analyze the historical developments of Yahudiya in Isfahan and its passage from ancient times to the Islamic era. The findings revealed that the Yahudiya of Isfahan, despite all the historical, political, social, and jurisprudential limitations, after the arrival of Islam in this region, not only did not lose its importance and credibility, but also reached the peak of its development and progress from the fourth century AH onwards..
Iran Local Histories
Zahra Ghanbari Maleh; maryam arabiun
Abstract
Astrabad province with the center of Astrabad city, with a very ancient history, was one of the most important states in most periods of Iran's history. It has been statesmen’s focus due to its suitable geographical and strategic location and actual economic facilities such as having fertile lands ...
Read More
Astrabad province with the center of Astrabad city, with a very ancient history, was one of the most important states in most periods of Iran's history. It has been statesmen’s focus due to its suitable geographical and strategic location and actual economic facilities such as having fertile lands and its proximity to the powerful government of Russia, central Asia region, Khorasan state and Mazandaran sea. Therefore, the authors of this article are trying to investigate the economic and social situation of this city in the Qajar era and also economic developments including export and import of goods, the strategic role of Astrabad in the region, social development, ethnic groups living in the region, population, localities and civilizational structures and the variable fluctuations resulting from the developments. The results indicate that Astrabad was able to enjoy social and economic growth and development in the Qajar era due to its proximity to Russia and as a bridge in the distribution of goods in the region..
Iran Local Histories
Fatemeh Faridi Majid
Abstract
Garus, which many people know by the name of Amir Nizam Garusi (the ruler of the Qajar period), according to the available sources, is an area of 1700 to 1800 square kilometers and one of the main components of the structure of the country divisions of western Iran from the beginning of the Safavid to ...
Read More
Garus, which many people know by the name of Amir Nizam Garusi (the ruler of the Qajar period), according to the available sources, is an area of 1700 to 1800 square kilometers and one of the main components of the structure of the country divisions of western Iran from the beginning of the Safavid to the middle of the Pahlavi period. This region was sometimes under the rule of Kurdistan and in most times was governed by an independent ruler. The present article, based on official and unofficial documents in a historical-referential method, has sought the position of this region by emphasizing its name in the structure of Iran's administrative divisions.The results show that the official application of the name Garus to this region was common frombefore the Safavid period to the middle of the Pahlavi period and after that, although it remained in the cultural memory, it was identified with the name of Bijar in the geographical structure of Iran. The author tries to express the stages of presence, application and official removal of this geographical name among official and unofficial correspondences, approvals, documents and sources in the structure of Iran's country divisions. It seems that Garus tribe’s power in the Safavid period and after that Amir Nizam Garusi’s position in the Qajar period, in the application of Garus and the promotion of this region and the decline of the tribe’s power played a decisive role in changing its name.
Iran Local Histories
keihan moshirpanahi; mohammad sheikhahmadi; uthman Yousefi; mohammad ghorban kiani
Abstract
On the eve of the first world war, the western borders and the Kurdish regions of Iran during the Qajar era were through a critical period due to the displacement of local rulers. Also deep-rooted historical differences with the Ottomans, the presence of various tribes and political differences made ...
Read More
On the eve of the first world war, the western borders and the Kurdish regions of Iran during the Qajar era were through a critical period due to the displacement of local rulers. Also deep-rooted historical differences with the Ottomans, the presence of various tribes and political differences made the region faced with new events. While the Ottomans had officially entered the war, the buffering of Kurdistan between Iran and the Ottomans could not keep Kurdistan away from its consequences. The study tries to explain the causes of the expansion and continuation of the war in Kurdistan, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the historical sources of documents, local and national newspapers. The investigations showed that the political and religious differences in Kurdistan and the confrontation of nomads with each other, along with the strategic importance of this region for foreign forces were the essancial factors behind the spread of the war to Kurdistan. Also, political instability in Kurdistan, intensification of tribal conflicts, presence of disaffected Sheikhs, competition of hostile governments and finally false promises of independence led to the continuation of the war in the region.
Iran Local Histories
shiva taghvaei zahmatkesh
Abstract
Qajar dynasty was an inheritor of a kind of power dispersion in Iran. Therefore, the policies were adopted to restore supervision over administrative and financial institutions, which were executed with the support of credit allocation. In line with this goal, measures were taken to rebuild the administrative ...
Read More
Qajar dynasty was an inheritor of a kind of power dispersion in Iran. Therefore, the policies were adopted to restore supervision over administrative and financial institutions, which were executed with the support of credit allocation. In line with this goal, measures were taken to rebuild the administrative system in Bandar Bushehr from the beginning of Qajar period until the end of Mohammad Shah’s reign in 1264 AH. Then, with the beginning of Naseri period and Mirza Taqikhan Amirkabir’s chancellery, the reconstruction of the administrative system of Bandar Bushehr was pursued through the allocation of the budget for national and military purposes. By examining the “Instructions" and account clearing” offices of this period, the trend of budget allocation for the reconstruction of the administrative and financial system of ports can be traced from the beginning of Naseri period. By studying these contextual texts, Qajar’s administrative and financial policies for the development of its own administrative-financial system in Bandar Bushehr can be understood. The formation of "Bushehr and its suburbs and ports" province in 1305 A.H. was a turning point in this process. With the formation of this province, Bandar Bushehr became closer than ever to Qajar’s administrative-financial system. The question of this research is how the Qajar government’s policy was to place Bandar Bushehr in its administrative-financial system? This research has considered the budget allocated to the administrative and financial expenses of Bandar Bushehr as one of the effective components in the reconstruction of Qajar’s administrative-financial system in southern ports, using the kilometric method. The hypothesis of this research is that the formation of the administrative-financial unit of the “Bushehr and its suburbs” province as an independent unit from the Fars state was not a temporary matter, but rather a result of the process of budget allocation for southern ports in the Naseri period.
Iran Local Histories
Toktam Yarmohamadi; Jamshid Noroozi
Abstract
Great Khorasan, as one of the important regions of the Islamic world and Iran, experienced two different periods during the period of Timur Gourkani and his son Shahrukh. Timur relying on Alus Joghtaei’s support of the military commanders made extensive conquests in West Asia. Following these conquests, ...
Read More
Great Khorasan, as one of the important regions of the Islamic world and Iran, experienced two different periods during the period of Timur Gourkani and his son Shahrukh. Timur relying on Alus Joghtaei’s support of the military commanders made extensive conquests in West Asia. Following these conquests, the cities of Khorasan, like most of the conquered places, faced with murder, looting and destruction. After Timur’s death and Shahrukh’s accession, prosperity returned to Khorasan and these areas came out from under the pressure of the Timurid period. This research aims to analyze Timur and Shahrokha’s actions in Khorasan with descriptive analytical method and using library sources. The findings indicate that Timur, considering his own interests and attachment to his capital, Samarkand, tried to use the economic resources and human and cultural capacities of the conquered regions, especially Khorasan, for the prosperity of Mavara- al- Nahr. Timur's discriminating view of Khorasan caused chaos in this province and repeated the calamities that the Mongols brought upon this region. On the other hand, Shahrukh made a significant effort to develop Khorasan due to his attachment to it, reliance on Iranian bureaucrats, and adherence to Islamic laws..
Iran Local Histories
Fatemeh Faridi Majid; Javad HERAVI; Mohammad Bahramzadeh
Abstract
The importance of Olearius in the history of Iran is his travelogue and map of Iran, which was effective in drawing maps and writings about Iran in decades and centuries. Meanwhile, a little-known regional map of Gilan left by Olearius indicates the importance of this part of Iran in the Safavid period. ...
Read More
The importance of Olearius in the history of Iran is his travelogue and map of Iran, which was effective in drawing maps and writings about Iran in decades and centuries. Meanwhile, a little-known regional map of Gilan left by Olearius indicates the importance of this part of Iran in the Safavid period. In the situation in the sources of the Safavid era, there is ambiguity in applying the terms state and province to the regions of Iran, the state of Gilan has been drawn with high precision for the first time. What added to the value of the map was his personal observations and field research from local experts while passing through Gilan, which has doubled the validity of the map of Gilan as an authentic document of the historical geography of this region in the 17th century. The map (1656 AD) is the oldest and perhaps the first regional map of Gilan in modern European cartography that has corrected the previous information.
There are no maps left from the Safavid period, and therefore the concepts of the map have been matched with the most important geographical source of the Safavid era, Mokhtasar Al Mofid book, in order to determine the difference between the inside and outside view of a geographical place. Matching this information with the geography of Gilan, along with the nomenclature of this region, is one of the goals of the research with the help of the historical research method and library search. The findings show that the information of Olearius map is significantly more than the geographical text of the Mokhtasar Al Mofid in terms of quantity and details.
.
Iran Local Histories
ALI Derazi; Alireza AliSofi; Nezamali Dehnavi
Abstract
The Democratic Sect of Azerbaijan was formed with the support of the Soviet government in 1324 and disintegrated in 1325 and had very serious political, economic and social consequences for the Iranian people, including the asylum of a large number of local people of Azerbaijan to the Soviet Union. . ...
Read More
The Democratic Sect of Azerbaijan was formed with the support of the Soviet government in 1324 and disintegrated in 1325 and had very serious political, economic and social consequences for the Iranian people, including the asylum of a large number of local people of Azerbaijan to the Soviet Union. . The main purpose of this study is to investigate the political and social this important issue. It is estimated that after the collapse of the sect government on December 12, 1325, the number of Iranian refugees who fled to the Soviet Union and became refugees due to their support for the sect government and the deception of their leaders was estimated at 25,000 to 30,000. Shortly afterwards, Azerbaijan's leaders and Democratic Sect leaders were relieved of the burden of keeping large numbers of refugees and suppressing refugees' dissatisfaction with the cult's performance and their decision to return to Iran in accordance with Stalin's brutal policies. And inhumanely set up camp every day in Central and Central Asia, deciding a horrible, sad, and pitiful fate for them.
Iran Local Histories
hasan rostami; abbas ghadimi gheydari
Abstract
Iranian constitutionalism created civil and popular institutions that had no background in the history of Iran. State and provincial associations were one of the most noble institutions arising from the process of constitutionalism and one of the fundamental demands of the constitutionalists, which was ...
Read More
Iranian constitutionalism created civil and popular institutions that had no background in the history of Iran. State and provincial associations were one of the most noble institutions arising from the process of constitutionalism and one of the fundamental demands of the constitutionalists, which was approved in the first term of the National Assembly and became the link between the people and the government and parliament.The city of Zanjan was one of the places where the Provincial Association was established, but along with the ambiguity in the constitutional events of this city, the record of the Zanjan Provincial Association was also overshadowed. The main issue of this study is the performance of Zanjan Provincial Association and its relationship with the current of constitutionalism in Iran during the constitutional era. article has examined this issue by collecting data from libraries, documents and using original sources such as newspapers of the constitutional era and analyzing data in a descriptive-explanatory manner. According to the findings of the study, the performance of Zanjan Provincial Association in achieving constitutional goals has been accompanied by ups and downs that the association members depend on the upper classes, kinship with opposition groups, the weakness of constitutionalists, ulema competitions, prioritization of personal interests and events. The current constitution in Tehran and Tabriz, as the main bases of constitutionalism, affected their activities. Due to these factors, the record of Zanjan Provincial Association in the constitutional era was accompanied by failure to fulfill the demands and goals of the constitutional process.
