Iran Local Histories
Abstract
During Shahrokh Afshar’s reign in Khorasan, Ahmad Shah Durrani marched to Khorasan three times. Meanwhile, Shahrokh, who was not able to face Ahmad Shah directly, tried to deal with this issue with a different policy. He prevented the capture of Mashhad by taking refuge in the city’s fortress ...
Read More
During Shahrokh Afshar’s reign in Khorasan, Ahmad Shah Durrani marched to Khorasan three times. Meanwhile, Shahrokh, who was not able to face Ahmad Shah directly, tried to deal with this issue with a different policy. He prevented the capture of Mashhad by taking refuge in the city’s fortress for a while, but eventually he was obliged to negotiate and Ahmad Shad controlled Mashhad by appointing a delegate. In the present article, which has been written using descriptive and analytical method, Ahmad Shah’s motivation for invading Khorasan and the description of his conflicts in various regions, particularly in Mashhad and Shahrokh’s position and dual policies of confrontation and interaction in facing him have been investigated. The findings indicate that Ahmad Shah’s history of service in Nader’s army played a significant role in his knowledge of the elements of power and the structure of Afsharid reign and his military expedition to Khorasan, and despite his success, whenever the disgruntled Shahrokh had the opportunity, he disobeyed him and expressed his opposition. Meanwhile, the local rulers of Khorasan’s resistance against Ahmad Shah was also fruitful, so that he finally agreed to obey Shahrokh and returned to his own capital. However, these wars caused the destruction of various cities and great damage to the people of Khorasan, which could not be compensated for a long time.
Iran Local Histories
Kaykhosrow Khosravi Nejad; Soheila Torabi Farsani; Esmaeil Sangari
Abstract
The constant selection of Tisphoon in Āsōristān state as capital by the Sasanid emperors showed the importance of this region in their governance system. The construction of new cities and the development of urban infrastructures, such as water structures, and promotion of agriculture by the Sasanids ...
Read More
The constant selection of Tisphoon in Āsōristān state as capital by the Sasanid emperors showed the importance of this region in their governance system. The construction of new cities and the development of urban infrastructures, such as water structures, and promotion of agriculture by the Sasanids show that they paid special attention to the political-economic role of Āsōristān cities. Hence, it is important to investigate the political-economic situation of this region, particularly in the last half century of the Sasanid dynasty, which finally led to the fall of this dynasty. This research using library sources and descriptive analytical method, seeks to find an answer to this question: what effect did the political -economic situation of the Āsōristān state with Madā’en as capital have on the fall and conquest of it by Muslim Arabs? The findings show that different wars, the diseases such as plague, and floods destroyed vital parts of the Sassanid irrigation system and consequently decreased government revenues. Economic decline led to the downfall of imperial military force, too. On the other hand, the change in the demographic composition of the state due to the migration of ethnic groups or change of people’s religion had negative effects on the Iranians’ resistance. Many residents of the cities, especially the peasants, were forced to compromise and cooperate with the Arabs in order to improve their livelihoods or maintain their privileges..
Iran Local Histories
Ali Rasouli
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
Local dynasties, especially in the periods of intercession, have been important influential factors in the historical developments of southern Iran and the Persian Gulf. The current research deals with one of the lesser known Sheikhs of the interval between the collapse of the Afshar ...
Read More
A B S T R A C T
Local dynasties, especially in the periods of intercession, have been important influential factors in the historical developments of southern Iran and the Persian Gulf. The current research deals with one of the lesser known Sheikhs of the interval between the collapse of the Afshar government and the establishment of the Zand government, Sheikh Hajar Kangani, who gained local authority in Kangan port. The research focuses on: "Why did Kangan Port become a platform for the formation of local power by Sheikh Hajar? What ups and downs did his power go through and how did he face the foreign powers present in the Persian Gulf and Karim Khan Zand?" Studying the evidence confirms that Kangan port achieved relative superiority in commercial prosperity due to increased insecurity in other ports, its geographical and strategic location in the light of Sheikh Hajar's actions became important as one of the connection points between Shiraz and the Persian Gulf. So Sheikh Hajar became an important local power. But his tension with the British, refusing to participate in the war with Mir Mahna and resisting the tax demands of the Zand government led to the darkness of Sheikh Hajar's relations with it, Zand Corps’ military attack to Kangan and the end of his work. The method of this historical research is descriptive and analytical. Data Collection done mainly in a library style, and as the case, using oral history and surveying works.
.
Iran Local Histories
babak zeilabpour
Abstract
Qashqai tribe is one of the big and ancient tribes of southern Iran. Fars province is the main center of their life, but since the life of the nomads is connected with nature, according to the season they migrate to reach Yailaq and Qeshlaq. During the reign of Fath_Ali_Shah, the Qashqai tribe became ...
Read More
Qashqai tribe is one of the big and ancient tribes of southern Iran. Fars province is the main center of their life, but since the life of the nomads is connected with nature, according to the season they migrate to reach Yailaq and Qeshlaq. During the reign of Fath_Ali_Shah, the Qashqai tribe became a powerful tribe in Fars province that Jani_Khan and his children were the head of it. document containing six endowments letter from Jani_Khan and his children has remained. But what historical information do the endowments letters provide in the field of Qashqai and documentary studies? This article is written with the aim of introducing and analyzing six endowment letters of Jani_Khan and his children with a descriptive analytical method. The results show that some endowment documents remained from the Shahilo family. The geographical scope of theses endowments is Fars province and during the governorship of Hossein_Ali_Mirza. The endowments letters indicate that Ismail_Khan Qashqai had another son named Reza_Khan in addition to his two sons named Jani_Khan and Haji_Hassan_Khan. In the endowment letters the shares of five people of the Shahilo_family from their properties in Shiraz and sections of Fars province have been determined. Jani_Khan and his sons named Muhammad_Ali_Khan and Morteza_Gholi_Khan have dedicated their estate. Endowments made with, different motivations, are specific and general specific. By searching for the names of Shaykh al-Islam, the wording of the registration, the place of the seal, and the names of the writers and the registrars we can understand that the endownment letters of Qashqai were organized and registered in a special way in the Islamic court of Shiraz.
Iran Local Histories
Leila Gholamrezaie; Amirhossein Hatami
Abstract
Since groups of Jewish immigrants or exiles resided in some Iranian historical cities before and after Islam, these cities or a part of them are called Yahoudiya. These Jews never integrated into host communities due to their strong internal ties, efforts to maintain independence, and segregation from ...
Read More
Since groups of Jewish immigrants or exiles resided in some Iranian historical cities before and after Islam, these cities or a part of them are called Yahoudiya. These Jews never integrated into host communities due to their strong internal ties, efforts to maintain independence, and segregation from other ethnic groups. They settled together in a separate - but close - part of the local population and formed the original core of Yahudiya. Among these, the most important and famous was the Yahudiya of Isfahan. They migrated to this region centuries before the arrival of Islam and founded Yahudiya alongside Jey (the core of later Isfahan). In the present article, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to analyze the historical developments of Yahudiya in Isfahan and its passage from ancient times to the Islamic era. The findings revealed that the Yahudiya of Isfahan, despite all the historical, political, social, and jurisprudential limitations, after the arrival of Islam in this region, not only did not lose its importance and credibility, but also reached the peak of its development and progress from the fourth century AH onwards..
Iran Local Histories
Zahra Ghanbari Maleh; maryam arabiun
Abstract
Astrabad province with the center of Astrabad city, with a very ancient history, was one of the most important states in most periods of Iran's history. It has been statesmen’s focus due to its suitable geographical and strategic location and actual economic facilities such as having fertile lands ...
Read More
Astrabad province with the center of Astrabad city, with a very ancient history, was one of the most important states in most periods of Iran's history. It has been statesmen’s focus due to its suitable geographical and strategic location and actual economic facilities such as having fertile lands and its proximity to the powerful government of Russia, central Asia region, Khorasan state and Mazandaran sea. Therefore, the authors of this article are trying to investigate the economic and social situation of this city in the Qajar era and also economic developments including export and import of goods, the strategic role of Astrabad in the region, social development, ethnic groups living in the region, population, localities and civilizational structures and the variable fluctuations resulting from the developments. The results indicate that Astrabad was able to enjoy social and economic growth and development in the Qajar era due to its proximity to Russia and as a bridge in the distribution of goods in the region..
Iran Local Histories
Fatemeh Faridi Majid
Abstract
Garus, which many people know by the name of Amir Nizam Garusi (the ruler of the Qajar period), according to the available sources, is an area of 1700 to 1800 square kilometers and one of the main components of the structure of the country divisions of western Iran from the beginning of the Safavid to ...
Read More
Garus, which many people know by the name of Amir Nizam Garusi (the ruler of the Qajar period), according to the available sources, is an area of 1700 to 1800 square kilometers and one of the main components of the structure of the country divisions of western Iran from the beginning of the Safavid to the middle of the Pahlavi period. This region was sometimes under the rule of Kurdistan and in most times was governed by an independent ruler. The present article, based on official and unofficial documents in a historical-referential method, has sought the position of this region by emphasizing its name in the structure of Iran's administrative divisions.The results show that the official application of the name Garus to this region was common frombefore the Safavid period to the middle of the Pahlavi period and after that, although it remained in the cultural memory, it was identified with the name of Bijar in the geographical structure of Iran. The author tries to express the stages of presence, application and official removal of this geographical name among official and unofficial correspondences, approvals, documents and sources in the structure of Iran's country divisions. It seems that Garus tribe’s power in the Safavid period and after that Amir Nizam Garusi’s position in the Qajar period, in the application of Garus and the promotion of this region and the decline of the tribe’s power played a decisive role in changing its name.
Iran Local Histories
keihan moshirpanahi; mohammad sheikhahmadi; uthman Yousefi; mohammad ghorban kiani
Abstract
On the eve of the first world war, the western borders and the Kurdish regions of Iran during the Qajar era were through a critical period due to the displacement of local rulers. Also deep-rooted historical differences with the Ottomans, the presence of various tribes and political differences made ...
Read More
On the eve of the first world war, the western borders and the Kurdish regions of Iran during the Qajar era were through a critical period due to the displacement of local rulers. Also deep-rooted historical differences with the Ottomans, the presence of various tribes and political differences made the region faced with new events. While the Ottomans had officially entered the war, the buffering of Kurdistan between Iran and the Ottomans could not keep Kurdistan away from its consequences. The study tries to explain the causes of the expansion and continuation of the war in Kurdistan, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the historical sources of documents, local and national newspapers. The investigations showed that the political and religious differences in Kurdistan and the confrontation of nomads with each other, along with the strategic importance of this region for foreign forces were the essancial factors behind the spread of the war to Kurdistan. Also, political instability in Kurdistan, intensification of tribal conflicts, presence of disaffected Sheikhs, competition of hostile governments and finally false promises of independence led to the continuation of the war in the region.
Iran Local Histories
shiva taghvaei zahmatkesh
Abstract
Qajar dynasty was an inheritor of a kind of power dispersion in Iran. Therefore, the policies were adopted to restore supervision over administrative and financial institutions, which were executed with the support of credit allocation. In line with this goal, measures were taken to rebuild the administrative ...
Read More
Qajar dynasty was an inheritor of a kind of power dispersion in Iran. Therefore, the policies were adopted to restore supervision over administrative and financial institutions, which were executed with the support of credit allocation. In line with this goal, measures were taken to rebuild the administrative system in Bandar Bushehr from the beginning of Qajar period until the end of Mohammad Shah’s reign in 1264 AH. Then, with the beginning of Naseri period and Mirza Taqikhan Amirkabir’s chancellery, the reconstruction of the administrative system of Bandar Bushehr was pursued through the allocation of the budget for national and military purposes. By examining the “Instructions" and account clearing” offices of this period, the trend of budget allocation for the reconstruction of the administrative and financial system of ports can be traced from the beginning of Naseri period. By studying these contextual texts, Qajar’s administrative and financial policies for the development of its own administrative-financial system in Bandar Bushehr can be understood. The formation of "Bushehr and its suburbs and ports" province in 1305 A.H. was a turning point in this process. With the formation of this province, Bandar Bushehr became closer than ever to Qajar’s administrative-financial system. The question of this research is how the Qajar government’s policy was to place Bandar Bushehr in its administrative-financial system? This research has considered the budget allocated to the administrative and financial expenses of Bandar Bushehr as one of the effective components in the reconstruction of Qajar’s administrative-financial system in southern ports, using the kilometric method. The hypothesis of this research is that the formation of the administrative-financial unit of the “Bushehr and its suburbs” province as an independent unit from the Fars state was not a temporary matter, but rather a result of the process of budget allocation for southern ports in the Naseri period.
Iran Local Histories
Toktam Yarmohamadi; Jamshid Noroozi
Abstract
Great Khorasan, as one of the important regions of the Islamic world and Iran, experienced two different periods during the period of Timur Gourkani and his son Shahrukh. Timur relying on Alus Joghtaei’s support of the military commanders made extensive conquests in West Asia. Following these conquests, ...
Read More
Great Khorasan, as one of the important regions of the Islamic world and Iran, experienced two different periods during the period of Timur Gourkani and his son Shahrukh. Timur relying on Alus Joghtaei’s support of the military commanders made extensive conquests in West Asia. Following these conquests, the cities of Khorasan, like most of the conquered places, faced with murder, looting and destruction. After Timur’s death and Shahrukh’s accession, prosperity returned to Khorasan and these areas came out from under the pressure of the Timurid period. This research aims to analyze Timur and Shahrokha’s actions in Khorasan with descriptive analytical method and using library sources. The findings indicate that Timur, considering his own interests and attachment to his capital, Samarkand, tried to use the economic resources and human and cultural capacities of the conquered regions, especially Khorasan, for the prosperity of Mavara- al- Nahr. Timur's discriminating view of Khorasan caused chaos in this province and repeated the calamities that the Mongols brought upon this region. On the other hand, Shahrukh made a significant effort to develop Khorasan due to his attachment to it, reliance on Iranian bureaucrats, and adherence to Islamic laws..
Iran Local Histories
Fatemeh Faridi Majid; Javad HERAVI; Mohammad Bahramzadeh
Abstract
The importance of Olearius in the history of Iran is his travelogue and map of Iran, which was effective in drawing maps and writings about Iran in decades and centuries. Meanwhile, a little-known regional map of Gilan left by Olearius indicates the importance of this part of Iran in the Safavid period. ...
Read More
The importance of Olearius in the history of Iran is his travelogue and map of Iran, which was effective in drawing maps and writings about Iran in decades and centuries. Meanwhile, a little-known regional map of Gilan left by Olearius indicates the importance of this part of Iran in the Safavid period. In the situation in the sources of the Safavid era, there is ambiguity in applying the terms state and province to the regions of Iran, the state of Gilan has been drawn with high precision for the first time. What added to the value of the map was his personal observations and field research from local experts while passing through Gilan, which has doubled the validity of the map of Gilan as an authentic document of the historical geography of this region in the 17th century. The map (1656 AD) is the oldest and perhaps the first regional map of Gilan in modern European cartography that has corrected the previous information.
There are no maps left from the Safavid period, and therefore the concepts of the map have been matched with the most important geographical source of the Safavid era, Mokhtasar Al Mofid book, in order to determine the difference between the inside and outside view of a geographical place. Matching this information with the geography of Gilan, along with the nomenclature of this region, is one of the goals of the research with the help of the historical research method and library search. The findings show that the information of Olearius map is significantly more than the geographical text of the Mokhtasar Al Mofid in terms of quantity and details.
.
Iran Local Histories
ALI Derazi; Alireza AliSofi; Nezamali Dehnavi
Abstract
The Democratic Sect of Azerbaijan was formed with the support of the Soviet government in 1324 and disintegrated in 1325 and had very serious political, economic and social consequences for the Iranian people, including the asylum of a large number of local people of Azerbaijan to the Soviet Union. . ...
Read More
The Democratic Sect of Azerbaijan was formed with the support of the Soviet government in 1324 and disintegrated in 1325 and had very serious political, economic and social consequences for the Iranian people, including the asylum of a large number of local people of Azerbaijan to the Soviet Union. . The main purpose of this study is to investigate the political and social this important issue. It is estimated that after the collapse of the sect government on December 12, 1325, the number of Iranian refugees who fled to the Soviet Union and became refugees due to their support for the sect government and the deception of their leaders was estimated at 25,000 to 30,000. Shortly afterwards, Azerbaijan's leaders and Democratic Sect leaders were relieved of the burden of keeping large numbers of refugees and suppressing refugees' dissatisfaction with the cult's performance and their decision to return to Iran in accordance with Stalin's brutal policies. And inhumanely set up camp every day in Central and Central Asia, deciding a horrible, sad, and pitiful fate for them.
Iran Local Histories
hasan rostami; abbas ghadimi gheydari
Abstract
Iranian constitutionalism created civil and popular institutions that had no background in the history of Iran. State and provincial associations were one of the most noble institutions arising from the process of constitutionalism and one of the fundamental demands of the constitutionalists, which was ...
Read More
Iranian constitutionalism created civil and popular institutions that had no background in the history of Iran. State and provincial associations were one of the most noble institutions arising from the process of constitutionalism and one of the fundamental demands of the constitutionalists, which was approved in the first term of the National Assembly and became the link between the people and the government and parliament.The city of Zanjan was one of the places where the Provincial Association was established, but along with the ambiguity in the constitutional events of this city, the record of the Zanjan Provincial Association was also overshadowed. The main issue of this study is the performance of Zanjan Provincial Association and its relationship with the current of constitutionalism in Iran during the constitutional era. article has examined this issue by collecting data from libraries, documents and using original sources such as newspapers of the constitutional era and analyzing data in a descriptive-explanatory manner. According to the findings of the study, the performance of Zanjan Provincial Association in achieving constitutional goals has been accompanied by ups and downs that the association members depend on the upper classes, kinship with opposition groups, the weakness of constitutionalists, ulema competitions, prioritization of personal interests and events. The current constitution in Tehran and Tabriz, as the main bases of constitutionalism, affected their activities. Due to these factors, the record of Zanjan Provincial Association in the constitutional era was accompanied by failure to fulfill the demands and goals of the constitutional process.
Iran Local Histories
Toktam Yarmohamadi; Friborz Veisi
Abstract
Songhar and Keliai is one of the fertile areas in Kermanshah that was considered by some influential families of this government during the Qajar period. They bought a lot of land in the area by buying people's property for a small price. Two of the great landowners of this region are Abdul Hussein Farmanfarma ...
Read More
Songhar and Keliai is one of the fertile areas in Kermanshah that was considered by some influential families of this government during the Qajar period. They bought a lot of land in the area by buying people's property for a small price. Two of the great landowners of this region are Abdul Hussein Farmanfarma and Amanullah Khan Fath al-Sultan, the former being the Qajar prince and the latter one of the elders of the Sanghar district. Due to the financial crisis and the outbreak of the First World War, these landowners in the late Qajar period avoided timely payment of their land taxes. The government often appeased these people, but after the coup of 1299, especially after the prime ministership and reign of Reza Shah, they were severely audited. The main question of the present study is why the landowners in Sanghar had tax debts and how the Qajar and Pahlavi governments dealt with this issue. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and its reliance is on the documents related to two of the major landowners of Songor region. The findings of the study indicate that the owners of the Qajar period, due to the exemptions provided by the government and the influence they had in the court, refused to pay their taxes on time. But early in Reza's reign and reign, due to his need to fund his extensive reforms and renovations through taxation and his greed to seize their fertile lands, these landlords were severely audited..
Iran Local Histories
seyyed borhan tafsiri; SEYED Mohammad Sheikhahmadi
Abstract
In the present study, the history of Marivan City from the time of the emergence of this word in historical sources has been studied. Understanding the fate of the city of Marivan from ancient times to the origin of the word Marivan and what historical stages it has gone through requires a lot of research. ...
Read More
In the present study, the history of Marivan City from the time of the emergence of this word in historical sources has been studied. Understanding the fate of the city of Marivan from ancient times to the origin of the word Marivan and what historical stages it has gone through requires a lot of research. Here, the criterion and source of information processing is the origin of the word Marivan with different titles in historical texts. Accordingly, the beginning of the chronicle of the city of Marivan in this study dates back to the Mongol era and continues almost until the beginning of the Pahlavi period. Existing sources and reports indicate that the political appearance of the city of Marivan, with this title, in historical sources is synonymous with the rise to power and chronology of the Ardalan family in the seventh century AH. Since then, one can trace Mariwan in the process of border developments between the two empires of Iran and the Ottoman Empire, as well as in the rivalry between the Kurdish ruling families of Ardalan (around Mariwan and later in Sanandaj) and Baban (in Sulaimaniyah). Thus, in the present study, the political destiny of the city of Marivan from the Mongol period to the Pahlavi period has been mentioned based on historical sources and library methods..
Iran Local Histories
Mohamadali Nemati; Fazlollah Fouladi
Abstract
During the first Pahlavi era, Iran’s administrative structure underwent a fundamental change. Reza Shah attempted to creat a modern centralized government in a different way, Reza Shah, following the example of the West and with the help of some intellectuals disillusioned with the constitution, ...
Read More
During the first Pahlavi era, Iran’s administrative structure underwent a fundamental change. Reza Shah attempted to creat a modern centralized government in a different way, Reza Shah, following the example of the West and with the help of some intellectuals disillusioned with the constitution, tried to establish a modern and centralized government in a new style.. Due to its strategic significance, Lorestan, received special attention from his government. Lorestan was in a very chaotic state, during the rise of the first Pahlavi, it was almost completely traditional and Illyrian, and orders from the central government had no bearing there. From the time military forces first arived in 1302 until Reza Shah’s reign came to an end, The central government’s initiatives to establish government departments This research seeks to answer the question of how new government departments were established in Lorestan during the Reza Shah period . A descriptive and analytical approach was used to prepared this research, which was based on library sources, newspapers, and documents. The results of this study show that in the first step, the central government gradually relocated tribes and nomads through the use of military force, and through reforms such as land division and road construction, laying the foundation for the establishment of various government departments. In the second step, departments such as the municipality, judiciary, roads and streets, and document registration were established based on wisdom of civilian rulers.
Iran Local Histories
Yaqub tabesh
Abstract
Amir Massoud, as one of the influential rulers of Sarbadari, was able to expand the Sarbedaran’s territory beyond the Beyhaq area after gaining power, but in the last year of his rule, he lost his life and many of his military forces with a heavy failure in the campaign to Mazandaran, ...
Read More
Amir Massoud, as one of the influential rulers of Sarbadari, was able to expand the Sarbedaran’s territory beyond the Beyhaq area after gaining power, but in the last year of his rule, he lost his life and many of his military forces with a heavy failure in the campaign to Mazandaran, and in this way, Sarbadaran suffered an irreparable stroke..Considering the importance of the battle of Mazandaran, this article tries to analyze the factors of Amir Massoud's failure in this campaign based on historical sources close to the event, related researches and the treatise on the art of war, and using the descriptive-analytical method and the application of Sun Tzu's martial views.. The findings show that Amir Masoud’s failure is related to both sides of the battle’s behavior; Amir Masoud, regardless of the heterogeneous situation of his troops after the defeat of Zawah, engaged them in an erosion battle and without any useful tactics, he openly went into depth of Mazandaran. The rulers and people considered him as a common enemy and united against him and they caused him and his forces to be surprised and destroyed with an efficient strategy. .
Iran Local Histories
kamal zarifiyan manesh; fateme bineshi far
Abstract
The Qajar era was a period of evolution, development, and and growth in both quantity and quality. Ta’ziyeh underwent a number of changes during this time, including changes to both the content, and musical instruments. The Persian state, particularly the city of Shiraz, flourished during the Qajar ...
Read More
The Qajar era was a period of evolution, development, and and growth in both quantity and quality. Ta’ziyeh underwent a number of changes during this time, including changes to both the content, and musical instruments. The Persian state, particularly the city of Shiraz, flourished during the Qajar era as a result of the religious context of Iranian society. Additionaly, the competition between government officials, nobles and elders, women, Clergy, and businessmen played a significant role in holding of Muharram mourning rituals, especially Ta’ziyeh. On this basis, they endowed Taziyeh’s location or covered its costs. These research attempts to address the desire problem by using the documentary method and document analysis by examining the role of endowment documents and their trustees in the Shiraz taziyeh adminidtration during Qajar period. According to the research’s findings, Shiraz’s Qajar-era society’s traditional and religiousfoundations as well as the local’s devotion to Ahl al-Bayt (AS) among its merchants, noble women, and government officials have played a significant role in the growthof Ta’ziyeh in Shiraz.
Iran Local Histories
abdolah safarzaie; azim shahbakhsh
Abstract
In ancient times, a large area southeast of the Iranian plateau was called Makran. The first available accounts of Makran, known as Mecca, date back to the Achaemenid period. In the surviving documents from the Sassanid period, this area is mentioned as Makuran. In the Islamic period, Makran has been ...
Read More
In ancient times, a large area southeast of the Iranian plateau was called Makran. The first available accounts of Makran, known as Mecca, date back to the Achaemenid period. In the surviving documents from the Sassanid period, this area is mentioned as Makuran. In the Islamic period, Makran has been mentioned in various historical, geographical, and other sources. Although there are few reports left about the geographical, economic, and cultural situation of Makran throughout history, there is a clear difference in the existing reports. By carefully evaluating the existing reports on Makran, it is inferred that these reports can be divided into formal and informal reports. Official reports refer to the reports of military conquerors and government agents who reported on the situation in the region for specific purposes, and their reports were recorded in written historical and geographical sources. Informal reports refer to the reports of other geographers, historians, travel writers, and so on. The purpose of this article is to analyze the existing official reports related to the geographical, economic, and cultural situation of Makran in the past centuries. The present article is written using library resources in a comparative way with a description and analysis of data..
Iran Local Histories
Zeinab Fazli
Abstract
In the study of the history of Islamic civilization and the history of Iranian cities, Maragha's place as a historical city has not been adequately explained from the point of view of civilization. Therefore, in this historical research with a civilizational approach in the field of local history studies, ...
Read More
In the study of the history of Islamic civilization and the history of Iranian cities, Maragha's place as a historical city has not been adequately explained from the point of view of civilization. Therefore, in this historical research with a civilizational approach in the field of local history studies, Maragha's link with Islamic civilization has been analyzed and explained. According to the findings of this study, Maragha was not considered a center of civilization until the middle of the 7th century AH, despite its importance in historical developments. But after Baghdad collapse by Mongols, this city became a center of science in the Islamic world. In the second half of the 7th century after Hijrah, the establishment of the observatory complex and the gathering of a large number of prominent scholars significantly changed the cultural-civilized image of Maragha. The observational-scientific activities, outstanding scientific works such as Zidj-i Ilkhani, novel astronomical theories and new scientific texts during this period made Maragha as one of the scientific-civilizational centers of the Islamic world. As a result of such achievements, the honorable titles of "Maragha School" and "Maragha Translation School" have been given to this city by science scholars, which has brought for it a permanent reputation in the history of science on a global scale.
.
