pajoheshi
Shahram Yousefifar
Abstract
In the aftermath of the invasion and domination of the Mongols over Iran (7th century AH / 13th AD) and the emergence of widespread social crises of the lower class, it was necessary to adopt appropriate supportive policies to regulate their situation and reduce poverty, in order to ensure social stability ...
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In the aftermath of the invasion and domination of the Mongols over Iran (7th century AH / 13th AD) and the emergence of widespread social crises of the lower class, it was necessary to adopt appropriate supportive policies to regulate their situation and reduce poverty, in order to ensure social stability and security. The issue of poverty and reconciliation of subordinate groups was considered in the opinions of medieval scholars, including Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi, and the results were drawn to the development of social protection programs by the private sector orgovernment to the extent that Khajeh Rashid al-Din Fazlollah Hamedani, established a support system for the descent in the Rab'-e Rashidii. In the present study, based on the information of the Rab'-e Rashidii and historical sources, we intend to answer the question of what were the priorities and needs of the lower class groups financially at that time, what policies and solutions to meet the needs of those groups and has social protection been taken? The result of the review confirms that in the Rab'-e Rashidi, an effective support system was designed to identify the needs of subordinate groups, in order to achieve its sustainable stability and security in the community, and to gradually empower and eliminate the traditional social damage to those groups.
pajoheshi
Toktam Yarmohammadi; Jamshid Nowroozi
Abstract
Waqf is one of the old institutions of Iranian society which has been linked with the religious beliefs of Iranians and, on the other hand, has influenced the ups and downs of the events and developments of Iran. The present study intends to investigate and analyze the contents of the records of the ...
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Waqf is one of the old institutions of Iranian society which has been linked with the religious beliefs of Iranians and, on the other hand, has influenced the ups and downs of the events and developments of Iran. The present study intends to investigate and analyze the contents of the records of the Gonabad endowments and its functions during the period from 1285 to 1435 AH, which cases and in what areas have been made in Gonabad? The contents of the documents in the Gonabad Endowment Administration indicate that most of Gonabad's endowments and its functions were carried out between 1285 and 1325 AH, and the waqf's institution has declined in the last fifty years. Most of the endowments of this area include the endowment of water and land for the mourning of Sayyed al-Shohada and Muharram. Also, Waqf has been considered for Imam Reza, the construction of mosques and other public buildings. This research is descriptive-analytical and based on the contents of the documents of the endowments in the Gonabad Endowment Office, as well as the contents of some books.
pajoheshi
Parvin Bayg Mohammadi; Aliakbar Kajbaf; Morteza Nooraie
Abstract
Before Pahlavi period, religious environment of Shushtar has caused its people to try to devout the greatest part of their endowments to the construction, repair and provision of the requirements of mosques, schools and shrines; therefore, the most fundamental function of endowment has been of cultural ...
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Before Pahlavi period, religious environment of Shushtar has caused its people to try to devout the greatest part of their endowments to the construction, repair and provision of the requirements of mosques, schools and shrines; therefore, the most fundamental function of endowment has been of cultural – religious nature. In spite of the swift changes and modifications in the various social, cultural and economic aspects, the people of Shushtar had still paid more or less considerable attention to the tradition of endowment. The present study is an attempt to examine the “functions of endowment in Shushtar in Pahlavi period” based on a descriptive – analytical method and in accordance with all the endowment documents recorded in the Endowment Department of Shushtar and the available library resources. Moreover, the study is to find the amount, type and uses of the endowments in this particular time span. The results obtained reveal that although the functions had been of cultural – religious nature, they had continued with less emphasis due to the anti-religious policies of Pahlavi regime, in such a way that only 8 real endowment documents has been recorded in Shushtar. Furthermore, consideration of hygienic issues as one of the social functions of endowment has been present in a limited way and accompanied with the cultural – religious function.
pajoheshi
Farideh Farzi; Zekrollah Mohammadi; Hossein Abadian; Yaghoub Khazaei
Abstract
After the 28th Mordad coup, The Mohammad Reza Shah decided to make reforms and such reforms were made mostly in the form of white revolution. The white revolution was realized in several steps and 19 principles and formation of the Eensaf Houses at the villages was proposed in the 9th principle. The ...
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After the 28th Mordad coup, The Mohammad Reza Shah decided to make reforms and such reforms were made mostly in the form of white revolution. The white revolution was realized in several steps and 19 principles and formation of the Eensaf Houses at the villages was proposed in the 9th principle. The formation of Ensaf Houses caused the establishment of a social and judicial system at the villages, thus, the study of their formation and effects on judicial systems of villages is necessary. The present study aims to investigate the formation of Ensaf Houses at the villages of Esfahan province since its beginning to 1357 SH and answer following questions: How did people interact with this new-established organization? How much did it succeed in solving the problems of villagers? The present research seeks to investigate the reasons of the establishment and method of Ensaf Houses functions in the villages of Esfahan by the use of library and documentary resources of this period and applying a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of this research suggest that, although this newly established institution has worked positively to overcome some of the problems, due to lack of proper monitoring of the performance of members by the supervisors, it caused other problems and its positive performance was affected.
pajoheshi
Fatemeh Mokhtari; Asadollah Jodaki Azizi; Seyed Rasool Mousavi Haji
Abstract
The historical center of the city of Bam, known as the Citadel of Bam, is located on the northeast side of the city. Despite the numerous and varied research done so far in the field of archeology and architecture in relation to the structure and landscape of this city in the first centuries of the Islamic ...
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The historical center of the city of Bam, known as the Citadel of Bam, is located on the northeast side of the city. Despite the numerous and varied research done so far in the field of archeology and architecture in relation to the structure and landscape of this city in the first centuries of the Islamic era, there are still important and key questions to which appropriate and concise answers have been given. Not yet. In this research, which is based on the purpose of fundamental research and, by nature and method, a historical research, the main question: What was the landscape of Bam in the early centuries of Islam? The data has been collected in two ways: documentary and fieldwork. The results of this research show that the city of Bam in the early islamic centuries had three parts: Arg (Citadel), Sharestan (the main part of the city) and Rabaz (suburb(.During this period,Arg- e Bam (the citadel of Bam) was the central core of surrounded by a four-gate enclusure. The Rabaz, was not enclosed and two rivers to the north and south have physically separated a large part of it from thebody of Sharestan. The natural barriers that existed in the north and east of the city of Bam caused the city to expand in the south and west. The approximate area of Sharestan was 260 hectares and the total area of the city (Rabaz, gardens and farms) was over 900 hectares and the city had three mosques, one within Arg (the Citadel) and the other two in Sharestan.
pajoheshi
Shahrbanou Delbari; Abolfazl Hassanabadi; Hojjat Mohammadi motlagh
Abstract
Khorasan highway was the most important connecting route of Iran since the second century A. H up to the Mongols invasion. It connected Khorasan, Transoxiana, and Turkistan to the west part of Iran and Mesopotamia. This highway had different branches, one of these branches passed the distance between ...
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Khorasan highway was the most important connecting route of Iran since the second century A. H up to the Mongols invasion. It connected Khorasan, Transoxiana, and Turkistan to the west part of Iran and Mesopotamia. This highway had different branches, one of these branches passed the distance between Neyshabur and Bastam i.e Jovain. This route well received and was taken more than its parallel rout by travelers (i.e Neyshabur-Sabzevar-Bastam). This research studied the economic-cultural effects of the road on Jovian. The findings showed that locating a lot of villages along the road provided foodstuff for the travelers and fodder for their animals. It could be the main reason for their choice. On the other hand, this road provided a good opportunity for trading, importing and exporting local goods. This contributed to the prosperity of the region. Also, some scholars and great men who traveled by this road stayed there for a short time and this too had a cultural effect on Jovian. Traveling easily to Neyshabur at East and Rai at West was another advantage of taking this route.
pajoheshi
Seyyed Hassan Hosseini; Javad Abbasi
Abstract
With the establishment of the Ismaili government in central Alborz in Alamut, a new neighboring power for the local and archaic communities in Mazandaran emerged that affected the regional power and territorial sovereignty of this local dynasty. This article answers the question of what factors influenced ...
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With the establishment of the Ismaili government in central Alborz in Alamut, a new neighboring power for the local and archaic communities in Mazandaran emerged that affected the regional power and territorial sovereignty of this local dynasty. This article answers the question of what factors influenced the relationship between the two local powers? The results show that the political and religious struggles of these two governments in the fifth to seventh centuries AH created more relations based on competition and hostility between them. The evolution of relations between these two governments was influenced by different factors and conditions. These factors included the desire to expand or retain territory, ideological and religious differences, the influence of third powers such as the Seljuks and Mongols, the asylum seeking of the members of ruling family, and the use of Ismaili opposition killing policy. The present article seeks to highlight these factors using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a more detailed and coherent perspective on the relationship between these two important regional powers in the fifth to seventh centuries AH.
pajoheshi
Saleh Pargari; Hoseyn Mohammadi; Vahid Farrahi Digesara
Abstract
The local government of Al-Kia ruled Gilan and areas to the east of Sepidrud known as “Biah Pish,” from the eighth to the tenth centuries of the Hijra. Having adopted clever policies with regard to the requirements and political relations of their time, this ...
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The local government of Al-Kia ruled Gilan and areas to the east of Sepidrud known as “Biah Pish,” from the eighth to the tenth centuries of the Hijra. Having adopted clever policies with regard to the requirements and political relations of their time, this ruling family managed to stay safe from the attacks of Iran’s central governments. They even managed to maintain their domestic autonomy. Using an analytical descriptive method, this study seeks to investigate factors leading to Al-Kia’s convergence with the central governments as well as issues that led to an increase in their divergence from the central governments and desire for more autonomy. The findings of this study indicate that factors such as Al-Kia’s desire for holding power within this local family and staying safe from the central rulers’ attacks bolstered convergence between the two sides. On the other hand, factors such as Al-Kia’s desire for controlling more territory, geographical and climate factors, their adherence to a religious denomination different from that of the central government, the region’s economic independence, abundance of water resources, and peasant’s ongoing struggles throughout the history of Gilan were among the driving forces of divergence.
pajoheshi
Fereydoun Allahyari; Zahra Elami Zavareh; Abolhassan Fayaz Anoush
Abstract
The Mongol invasion of Iran in 616 AH. And the death of Sultan Mohammad Kharazmshah in 617 AH. ended the political unity of Iran within the framework of the Kharazm area and led to a period of instability and political competition. Therefore, various parts of Iran were influenced by local governments. ...
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The Mongol invasion of Iran in 616 AH. And the death of Sultan Mohammad Kharazmshah in 617 AH. ended the political unity of Iran within the framework of the Kharazm area and led to a period of instability and political competition. Therefore, various parts of Iran were influenced by local governments. The rule of Atabakan Lor the Small (580-1006 AH) is among these local governments formed during the Seljuk weakness. The interval between the Mongol invasion and the formation of the Ilkhanid dynasty was a difficult and critical period for the local governments of Iran. The crisis of their legitimacy and their head confrontation with the remnants of the Kharazmshahi monarchy, the Abbasid Caliphate, the Mongol central court were the most important dimensions of their political advancement. The purpose of this article, through a descriptive and analytical method and based on library resources, is evaluating legitimate efforts of Atabakan Lor and explaining their relationship with the legitimizing institutions in order to pass through this period and and to preserve their existence. The study, after giving an introduction to the discussion of this local government, shows that Atabakan, since the time of Shojaaddin,, the founder of this government, in their legitimation process, had been focusing on the legitimacy of the monarchy and the caliphate, but the fall of Kharazmshahian, the weakness of the caliphate and the seriousness of the Mongol threat led to a change in relations with the caliphate during the Hesam al-Din era until the increasing Mogol influence during Badr al-Din's time and continued the legitimacy of Atabakan Lor to the confirmation of the Mongols.
pajoheshi
Mojtaba Tabriziniya Tabrizi; Abdolrasoul Kheirandish; Ataollah Hassani; Reza Shabani
Abstract
The cannon, as a heavy, collective, expensive weapon, requiring training in the use and expense of construction, maintenance, and deployment could only be in the hands of the central government. Historical evidence suggests that the use of this modern weapon has been a decisive and accelerating factor ...
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The cannon, as a heavy, collective, expensive weapon, requiring training in the use and expense of construction, maintenance, and deployment could only be in the hands of the central government. Historical evidence suggests that the use of this modern weapon has been a decisive and accelerating factor in controlling centrifugal forces, suppressing local rogue rulers, and consolidating and expanding central sovereignty. As a result of the expansion of central government authority over all the Safavid territory gained through the shelling of the cannon, the reign of Shah Abbas I was accompanied by the least internal strife, and this resulted in great victories in the frontier battles (the conquest of Yerevan by Shah Safi and the conquest of Kandahar and the defense of it three times against the Mongolian government of India), which also relied on artillery fire. With the emergence of signs of weakness of the Safavid rule and the start of widespread border revolts, although the gunners have always been part of the army, their incapability in effectively use artillery in the fortress war (face to face war) led to the overthrown of the government army and eventually, the collapse of the Safavids.
In the repression of local rulers if the "fortress war" took place, the destructive power of the bullets and the sound of cannon shattering would defeat any resistance, but in the " fortress war and face-to-face" wars, in the Safavid period, sufficient skill was used. The artillery was not effective and decisive. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies.
pajoheshi
Azim Shahbakhsh; Omid Ghiasi
Abstract
Hafez’s poem is usually considered as a gnostic poem, but this approach neglects the historical situation. Opposite to gnostic poet, Hafez’s poems represent remarkable historical and social events in Shiraz. Encounter with other cultures and its combination with Old Iranian beliefs ...
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Hafez’s poem is usually considered as a gnostic poem, but this approach neglects the historical situation. Opposite to gnostic poet, Hafez’s poems represent remarkable historical and social events in Shiraz. Encounter with other cultures and its combination with Old Iranian beliefs caused to emerge many various thinking elements in late Sasanian era. One of those issues that continues during Islamic era is political thinking of ancient of Iran which is named Iranshahr’s thought. R.G. Collingwood is one of the philosophers who believes that all of history is history of thinking. According to his view, language is rooted in historical elements and it can be also said that literal texts link to historical situation of author. This paper aims to analyze Hafez’s thinking about according to history of thinking in Iran and based on Collingwood’s method. Also, It indicates the important aspects of Iranshahr’s thought in Hafez’s poem which is about historical events in Shiraz.
pajoheshi
Mojtaba Jokar; Reza Moeini Roudbali
Abstract
Lashani, as one of the small tribe of Fars, has gone through a tumultuous period . The tribe was first mentioned in the late sources of Safavid period when they participated in the fight against the Afghans. Gaining power by Karim khan Zand and his presence in the Fars province, they allied with him ...
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Lashani, as one of the small tribe of Fars, has gone through a tumultuous period . The tribe was first mentioned in the late sources of Safavid period when they participated in the fight against the Afghans. Gaining power by Karim khan Zand and his presence in the Fars province, they allied with him and constituted a part of his army. Early in the Qajar period, some groups of Lashanies were exiled to other areas and majority of them took refuge to Qashqai. In 1291, after the separation of the Qashqai, the tribe, which had been assigned as a Toyul (fief/feud) to Hekmat family, played a prominent role in the events of Fars, particularly in the struggle against the southern police. However, they played a prominent role in Fars events, especially in fighting against South Persia Rifles (S.P.R). This question has been raised: What role has this tribe played in the province of Fars from the late Safavid period to the end of the Qajar era? In response to this hypothesis, Lashani was a small tribe who had lived in Persia for many years before the Zand dynasty was formed, and in historical ups and downs when connected with people, governments and tribes of power influenced by developments and events in Fars. This study based on descriptive-analytical method and historical texts and field research set out to investigate role and status of Lashanies in Fars from late Safavid up to the end of Qajar dynasty.
pajoheshi
Jahanbakhsh Savagheb; Parvin Rostami
Abstract
The Constitutional Movement, although it had its origin in Tehran, extended to other cities, including Kermanshah. The Constitutional Movement and its aftermath had a profound effect on Kermanshah's internal affairs, and the people of this city were converging with the Constitutional Movement, and this ...
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The Constitutional Movement, although it had its origin in Tehran, extended to other cities, including Kermanshah. The Constitutional Movement and its aftermath had a profound effect on Kermanshah's internal affairs, and the people of this city were converging with the Constitutional Movement, and this convergence emerged in the form of a militancy between the people and the city rulers who were tyrants. The chaos and turmoil resulting from riots in the city incurred losses and damages to the people, but did not turn them away from the constitutionalists, and with the intensification of constitutionalist thought and behavior, they continued to follow the ideals of the constitutionalist leaders in Kermanshah. However, during the period of Minor Despotism, Kermanshah became involved in many riots that aggravated the tribes and put the city's internal security and economic situation at a disadvantage. Using a library-based method, this research uses historical and documentary knowledge to study the political situation of Kermanshah in the years 1324 to 1327 AH, the constitutional events in Iran, and to investigate the causes of its chaos and internal conflicts. Analyzes and explains. The findings of the study show that due to the Kermanshah people's association with the constitutional movement, the consequences of it were the internal struggle of influential forces and the activation of tribal chiefs and the turbulence of the city's political situation, and it was the city's turmoil caused by personal hostilities of dignitaries and clashes between rival tribes that formed the urban structure of Kermanshah city
pajoheshi
Ali Naderianfar; Seyyed Alireza Abtahi; Soheila Torabi Farsani
Abstract
After the rise of Reza Shah to power and adoption of a policy of centralization, many attempts were made to establish the authority of the central government throughout Iran, including Baluchestan. These attempts, however, were challenged by local governments. One of the challenges was posed by Doust ...
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After the rise of Reza Shah to power and adoption of a policy of centralization, many attempts were made to establish the authority of the central government throughout Iran, including Baluchestan. These attempts, however, were challenged by local governments. One of the challenges was posed by Doust Mohammad Khan Barakzai and Juma Khan Ismailzahi's rebellion in the years 1928 and 1940 AD. The questions this study aims to tackle include: what was the main reason behind the insurgency of this Baluch commander and how was it suppressed? The subject will be investigated through a historical analysis and using a descriptive-analytical method based on archived and classified documents from 1928 to 1940 AH. The findings of the research indicated that, unlike other movements of the time, such as the rebellion of Sheikh Khazal in Khuzestan, Gilan, and Azerbaijan, the rebellion of Doust Mohammad Khan Barakzai and Juma Khan Ismailzai there was no color and smell of separation and independence movement and their efforts were due to the domination of foreigners, especially the UK, the mistreatment of military personnel with the people of the Region and the expansion of their political and economic authority. A careful look at the implications of the documents under review showed that the main reason for the failure of Khan Baluch movement was the lack of understanding of the late Qajar and early Pahlavi statesmen, especially Reza Shah.
pajoheshi
Soleyman Heydari
Abstract
One year after the signing of the Iran-US Cooperation Agreement on Rural Development, agricultural experts from the College of Agriculture of Utah went to Fars province and eight other provinces to provide technical assistance to farmers, landowners and agricultural staff. Experts settled in Shiraz on ...
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One year after the signing of the Iran-US Cooperation Agreement on Rural Development, agricultural experts from the College of Agriculture of Utah went to Fars province and eight other provinces to provide technical assistance to farmers, landowners and agricultural staff. Experts settled in Shiraz on November 2, 1930, and during their six years of work, provided technical assistance in agricultural extension and training, propagation training, agricultural mechanization and plant pest management. This study seeks to answer a fundamental question: What role did the US Economic Operations Board play in the agricultural transformation of Fars province? The findings of the study indicate that prior to the Americans’ presence in Fars, agriculture was traditional and, after the presence of Utah agricultural experts and the establishment of sample farms and practical training and theory, the mechanization of agriculture and the introduction of modern agriculture gradually provided that production increased per unit area and farmers in the stages of planting and harvesting, gradually used new tools and agricultural machinery such as tractors and combines. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is based on the library resources available at the University of Utah and the National Library and Documentation Organization of Iran.
