pajoheshi
Azam Rahimi Jaberi
Abstract
Sheikh Abu Eshaq Kazerouni was born in the second half of the fourth century in a new Muslim Zoroastrian family in Kazeroun. This period coincided with the rule of Al-e Buye, which supported the religious tolerance policy of religious minorities, and Kazeroun was one of the main centers of Zoroastrians ...
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Sheikh Abu Eshaq Kazerouni was born in the second half of the fourth century in a new Muslim Zoroastrian family in Kazeroun. This period coincided with the rule of Al-e Buye, which supported the religious tolerance policy of religious minorities, and Kazeroun was one of the main centers of Zoroastrians of Fars. Sheikh Abu Eshaq entered the tradition of Ibn Khafif (from the great mystics of Shiraz) after studying at the Mashayekh of Persia, because the practical application of this tradition in the religious sphere is more in line with his beliefs. Therefore, the present paper uses a descriptive- analytical method and based on the main sources, seeks to answer the question of what role Sheikh Abu Eshaq played in the promotion of Islam in Kazeroun? The result of the research suggests that Sheikh Abu Eshaq established his own specialty called Morshediyeh Tariqat in the late fourth century AH and began his preaching in the direction of the publication of Islam in the Kazeroon mosques, which was faced with the opposition of the Zoroastrian rulers. Sheikh Abu Eshaq, by constructing a mosque and a monastery of Morshediyeh, as well as the formation of a Military soldier in Kazeroun, sought to weaken the position of Zoroastrian, which ultimately led to the spread of Islam in Kazeroun.
pajoheshi
Jafar Aghazadeh
Abstract
Azerbaijan was conquered after the Battle of Nahavand, but the successive rebels of its people and its proximity to the Caucasus and Gilan showed the significance of Azerbaijan and the need for military presence in it for the Arabs. Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays was one of the commanders who was present in the ...
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Azerbaijan was conquered after the Battle of Nahavand, but the successive rebels of its people and its proximity to the Caucasus and Gilan showed the significance of Azerbaijan and the need for military presence in it for the Arabs. Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays was one of the commanders who was present in the conquests of Azerbaijan and was appointed by Uthman as the ruler of Azerbaijan and remained in the position until the beginning of Ali's caliphate. The aim of the present study was to evaluate Al-Ash'ath’s appointment as the ruler of Azerbaijan and its measures in this region using a descriptive-analytical method and library texts. The present research attempts to answer the following questions: why was Al-Ash'ath appointed to rule Azerbaijan? What were the areas of Arab migration to Azerbaijan and its consequences during the rule of Al-Ash'ath? And why and how Imam Ali dismissed Al-Ash’ath from the emirate of this region and what was his reaction? Findings of the research show that Al-Ash'ath was appointed as the governor of Azerbaijan due to the close connection with Uthman and created the basis for the migration of Arabs to this region and its tendency towards Islam. As Imam Ali came to the Caliphate, because Ash'ath did not swear allegiance to him, and had fled in Azerbaijan, he was dismissed from the Emirate.
pajoheshi
Mohammad Rezaei; Fatemeh Orouji
Abstract
Following the election of Shiraz, the center of the Al-Boyah dynasty witnessed a period of growth for about fifty years, but after the difficulty of succession and conflict over the assault, after the death of Azzod al-Dawlah, the state of turmoil and decadence the city was provided. Due ...
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Following the election of Shiraz, the center of the Al-Boyah dynasty witnessed a period of growth for about fifty years, but after the difficulty of succession and conflict over the assault, after the death of Azzod al-Dawlah, the state of turmoil and decadence the city was provided. Due to the lack of the rule and the law for choosing a successor, each of the emirs faced contenders or claimants at the beginning of their rule. As a result, a long period of insecurity and instability in the Al-Boya area, especially in Fars and Shiraz, arose and continuous struggles not only prevented the possibility of engaging in civilian activities, but also, in addition to plundering the city, many monuments and neighborhoods destroyed by hostile forces. In addition, the urban grid, which supplies basic needs through inaccessibility and wars, has also suffered from insecurity that has been shaken by changing business routes and reducing trade revenues and accelerating the city's decline. Eventually, the loss of the former and the loss of his life fell for a long time as a result of the injuries inflicted during the Seljuks attacks. In the present study, the role of insecurity as an independent variable on the process of recession and decline of Shiraz during the second period of the Al-e Buye government is explained by a descriptive-analytical method with a historical approach and relying on library studies.
pajoheshi
Esmail Hasanzadeh
Abstract
During the 231 years of its rule in the city of Gilan, the kayaians passed many ups and down in relation with local and regional government. Policies were adopted at each stage in accordance with the political and social needs of both internal and external. One of these periods was the period of Karkia ...
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During the 231 years of its rule in the city of Gilan, the kayaians passed many ups and down in relation with local and regional government. Policies were adopted at each stage in accordance with the political and social needs of both internal and external. One of these periods was the period of Karkia Mirza Ali ruling, which coincided with the collapse of the rule of Aq Qoyunlu. This simultaneously led to Karkia Mirza Ali’s departure from the traditional foreign policy of the family of citizenship toward the central government of Iran and the adoption of an aggressive opposition policy. Using these main sources and analyzing the historical narratives, this paper seeks to explain the impact of reform on internal instability and the causes of the failure of an aggressive antipolitic policy towards Aq Qoyunlu. The coincidence of the implementation of internal reforms with the adoption of a new foreign policy led to intensification or the rivalry within the kayaian dynasty. Several Karkia Mirza Ali’s defeats in foreign policy, including the Marashian of Mazandaran, Aq Qoyunlu and other local governments, led to the loss of part of their traditional territory. These failures stagnated internal dissenters to exacerbate their opposition. Eventually, Karkia Mirza Ali was defeated and killed by a riot inside the house. His killing led the kayaian government into traditional politics of nationality form the central government of Iran.
pajoheshi
Siamand Khalili; Osman Yousefi
Abstract
Mokrian area has played an important role in the history of the West of Iran, with its ancient and historic works, from prehistoric times. Mokri Emirate was established in the Aq Qoyunglu period by Saifuddin Mokri in the northwest of Iran. With the advent of the Safavid government, the policy of divergence ...
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Mokrian area has played an important role in the history of the West of Iran, with its ancient and historic works, from prehistoric times. Mokri Emirate was established in the Aq Qoyunglu period by Saifuddin Mokri in the northwest of Iran. With the advent of the Safavid government, the policy of divergence of the Emirate Mokri in its interaction with that state began from the time of Sarem Big as the second ruler of this emirate, which was the contemporary of Shah Isma'il I Safavi. This article seeks to investigate the reasons and political relationships between the Emirate Mokri and the Safavid government during the time of Shah Isma'il I, which has so far not done an independent study on the character of Sarem Beg Mokri and his relations with the Safavid regime. The findings of the research show that during the attacks of Shah Isma'il I, Mokrian was primarily due to the development of the political realm of Shah Isma'il in the Azerbaijani region and, secondly, to the effect of his religious policy, which also somehow justifies the same policy integrating and eliminating local governments in Iran, the political relations of Emirate Mokri with the Safavid government were formed. Sarem Beg, to protect his political and governing realms, grew up against the Safavid Shah, and ultimately turned towards the Ottoman state.
pajoheshi
Mir Samad Mousavi
Volume 7, Issue 13 , March 2019, Pages 93-112
Abstract
After the assassination of Nadir Shah Afshar, each of his commanders and local leaders planned to form a government in different areas. At this time, favorable conditions were prepared for the establishment of khanates with local authority. At this time in Azerbaijan and in Caucasus region, a number ...
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After the assassination of Nadir Shah Afshar, each of his commanders and local leaders planned to form a government in different areas. At this time, favorable conditions were prepared for the establishment of khanates with local authority. At this time in Azerbaijan and in Caucasus region, a number of khanates and sultanates were established. Gharabagh khanate was one the most important ones that always been faced with a variety of internal and external threats from the beginning of its establishment. This khanate implemented various policies and programs to eliminate these dangers on domestic and foreign dimensions. In this period, the most important foreign presence in the region was the presence of Russia and Ottoman Empire. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that were dominant in the lodgment and relations of Gharabagh khanate with Ottomans based on historical documents and reports. The results of this study show that the Ottomans, after the loss of Crimean Khanate and after joinder of Georgia to Russia according to Giyorgiyosk Treaty of 1193 AH / 1784 AD (between Ariquel II and Catherine), tried to initiate a military battle with khans of Azerbaijan and Dagestan to prevent the development of Russians. Gharabagh region was geographically considered as gateway of Iran and the Caucasus, therefore, the Ottoman politicians recognized Gharabagh khanate suitable for their political purposes and sought to establish relations with Gharabagh khanate. Khans of Gharabagh also intended to preserve their local sovereignty and to neutralize the threats of internal and external enemies at all costs, and this was always the most important principle in the lodgment of Gharabagh khans. Accordingly, the principle of "common threat" led to the close proximity of Gharabagh khans and Ottoman Empire.
pajoheshi
Seyed Ahmad Aghili; Aliakbar Jafari; Karim Najafi Barzegar
Abstract
Among the important issues of Zandieh’s history is the review and analysis of Karim Khan’s activities in various aspects of government, especially in terms of his social and economic measures. Most of Zandieh historical sources introduced Karim Khan’s establishment in Shiraz as a period ...
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Among the important issues of Zandieh’s history is the review and analysis of Karim Khan’s activities in various aspects of government, especially in terms of his social and economic measures. Most of Zandieh historical sources introduced Karim Khan’s establishment in Shiraz as a period of social peace and economic security. The extent to which this attitude of resources can be versified is the main purpose of this study. The present paper, by descriptive-analytical method, is based on historical primary sources, which leads to the research approach that the social peace and economic security of the Karim Khan’s period, which historical sources recall, are not in line with the historical realities of that period, and, taking into account some components, this is said to be the source of doubt. Karim Khan's actions only occurred in the capital, and this view could not be accepted about other areas under the influence of Karim Khan. Even his performance in the city of Shiraz according to the factors mentioned in the paper, should be regarded as relative and temporary in order to be more in line with historical reality.
pajoheshi
Seyyed Saheb Barzin; Ali Reza Ali Sufi
Abstract
The land reform was the first bill of the sixth bills of the White Revolution (Revolution of the Shah and the Nation), which was implemented by Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1340 for various purposes. One of the goals of the land reform was the abolition of the Mauluk-al-Tuvaifi and the elimination ...
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The land reform was the first bill of the sixth bills of the White Revolution (Revolution of the Shah and the Nation), which was implemented by Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1340 for various purposes. One of the goals of the land reform was the abolition of the Mauluk-al-Tuvaifi and the elimination of the lord's regime. Fars province, which was considered as the seventh province at that time and also one of the most important and widespread agricultural provinces in Iran, received the attention of the Pahlavi II government during the land reform process. With the commencement of the implementation of the land reform law, the owners, who, by implementing this law, lost their properties in favor of the farmers, began their opposition to its realization. In this research, with an analytical descriptive approach and using the documents, we seek to answer the fundamental question: how was the adoption of the Land Reform Act, the owners 'and farmers' attitude of the Qalat village, and how the attitudes of the second government officials towards the implementation of this law were. The premise is prevalent that with the passage of the land reform law, the owners of Qalat refused to give land to the landowners, and government officials, despite trying to stabilize the situation, failed to implement land reform in Qalat.
pajoheshi
Masoumeh Goudarzi Boroujerdi; Asghar Montazerolghaem
Abstract
Mazarat historiography was considered by historians as a branch of local historiography from the eighth century (AH) and until the twelfth century (AH), several works were written in Arabic and Persian .In fact, Mazarat historiography is a local encyclopedia, which obviously diverts from political and ...
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Mazarat historiography was considered by historians as a branch of local historiography from the eighth century (AH) and until the twelfth century (AH), several works were written in Arabic and Persian .In fact, Mazarat historiography is a local encyclopedia, which obviously diverts from political and military issues, and deals more with religious, cultural, and social conditions. These local encyclopedias were intended to introduce scholarly and religious figures, because from the viewpoint of Iranian Muslims, the great scholars and divine peoples’ graves were considered as an important factor in protecting the city from natural and human pests and disasters. In addition, the graves of the great scholars in each city have brought a special status to that city and has also contributed to the cultural and social growth of that city. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of Mazarnevisi (writing on graves), based on the first- hand resources on growth of the pilgrimage culture by using a descriptive-analytical method.
pajoheshi
Parastou Mozaffari; Kourosh Hadian
Abstract
At the end of Bani Ardalan's government, one of the most important events of Kurdistan was Uraman regional unrests. Due to the importance of this region in the neighborhood of the Ottoman borders, the security of the region in the Qajars era was one of the concerns of Kurdistan rulers and the central ...
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At the end of Bani Ardalan's government, one of the most important events of Kurdistan was Uraman regional unrests. Due to the importance of this region in the neighborhood of the Ottoman borders, the security of the region in the Qajars era was one of the concerns of Kurdistan rulers and the central government. However, between1268 to 1287 AH some cases of unrest in Uraman region have been reflected in historical sources.These insecurities occurred coincidently with the late years of the Ardalans' local government and the appointment of Farhad Mirza Motamedoddoleh as the governor of Kurdistan. It seems Uraman crisis and its management and its restraining has been totally affected by multiple factors such as Uraman governors' local authoritarianism, misguided policies and infirmity of the Ardalans' local government, and finally exerting centralization by central government in the Naseris era. And unlike some analysis, it couldn't be true to expect there were Subversive motives or ethnocentric dimensions or even a link between the crisis and the Constitutional Movement. Motamedoddoleh was appointed as the governor of Kurdistan to manage and control the crisis in Uraman and to accomplish security based policies of central government in the Naseri’s era. Motamedoddoleh accompanied by expeditionary forces from the central government could overcome and control the crisis by a violent manner over a short period of time. This didn't necessarily mean fading potentials and consequences of the crisis, and it couldn't even mean the central government would be able to control the crisis in a long term period.
pajoheshi
Heshmatollah Azizi; Dariush Rahmanian; Houshang khosro Beigi; Mohammad Rostami
Abstract
the start of the Qajar government to the early 14th century, Persian Gulf ports and islands were often governed by the Fars governor and decentralized. But in Naseri era, since the foundation of a new institution, "Governing the Persian Gulf ports and Islands", in the year 1305 hegira, the running of ...
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the start of the Qajar government to the early 14th century, Persian Gulf ports and islands were often governed by the Fars governor and decentralized. But in Naseri era, since the foundation of a new institution, "Governing the Persian Gulf ports and Islands", in the year 1305 hegira, the running of all the regions was centrally governed by ports governor that was elected from the center. In this article, we will pay to the view on the formation method of this new founded institution with descriptive and analytical approach in Nasser’s Era The findings of this research show that in Nasseri Era with the appearance of aware men and experts like Amir Kabir and his actual performance in Persian Gulf and appointment of efficient governors in Fars and the support of southern traders, gradually made a revision in running in method of south ports. After a short period, the main result was the cancelling of port rental system which resulted in the foundation of ports governance and Persian Gulf islands with Bushehr in centre by Amin-al-soltan in 1305hegira. The foundation of the new institution as the center running of ports and south island countered a lot of the problems actually and desirable results were not obtained
pajoheshi
Rohollah Bahrami; Shahab Shahidani
Abstract
The time of Naser al-Din Shah’s rule is the beginning of important developments in Iranian history and the expansion of communication with European countries and the exploitation of Western technical and technological patterns. One of these tools was the telegraph and their specific buildings telegraph ...
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The time of Naser al-Din Shah’s rule is the beginning of important developments in Iranian history and the expansion of communication with European countries and the exploitation of Western technical and technological patterns. One of these tools was the telegraph and their specific buildings telegraph offices. This led to the formation of a new type of historical documents. These documents opened a new chapter in the history of contemporary history, in particular local history, including the recording local reports of local reports with new forms of modern communication. Based on this, the present study, based on the texts, historical documents and manuscripts, using a descriptive-analytical method, is to answer the following questions: How was the process of establishing and developing telegraph offices in Lorestan during the Naseri era? And how did the development of telegraph lines affect the process of Naserid political focus? The findings of the research have shown that Lorestan with a mountainous nature and inhabitants of Iliyat, has been one of the most unsettled countries and provinces of Iran until the Naseri time, and the control and influence of central power in it was very unstable and in this situation, the development of telegraph lines could have made a major change in the availability of central power to the region and its security in the Naseri era. The role of the telegraph as a communication and awareness tool was soon revealed for Naser al-Din Shah, agents and governors of the provinces in the Lorestan region. In addition, the telegraph on the formation and production of historical awareness and documents in the oral and nomadic society of Lorestan has provided important resources and documents that are of great importance.
pajoheshi
Mansuor Rahnavard; Mohammad Amir Sheikh Nouri; Nezam Ali Dehnavi
Abstract
The Governors of Lorestan and their subordinate tribes had a largely militant relationship with Zandieh rulers. Ismail Khan Feili, the most powerful governor of Lorestan during this period, was strongly opposed to the power of Karim Khan Zand And during his entire period of rule, he carried out many ...
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The Governors of Lorestan and their subordinate tribes had a largely militant relationship with Zandieh rulers. Ismail Khan Feili, the most powerful governor of Lorestan during this period, was strongly opposed to the power of Karim Khan Zand And during his entire period of rule, he carried out many wars with Khan Zand. In the period before and after Karim khancame to power, many of Lorestan elites obeyed their ruler, Ismail Khan, and in support of him, they entered the war with Karim Khan. After Ismail Khan's withdrawal from power and in the succession of his sons, Mohammad Khan and Assad Khan, the relations between these rulers and elites under their citizenship with the successors of Karim Khan were somewhat improved and their period of struggle changed to a period of good relations and reconciliation. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the rulers of the Philistines of Lorestan and the Zandieh rulers, which has been done through descriptive-analytical method. Findings of the research show that the dominant aspect of the relationship between the governorates of Fieli of Lorestan and Karim Khan Zand was a military and controversial conflict, and the struggle for power in the vacuum caused by Nadir Shah's death was effective in shaping this relationship. Although the failure of Ismail Khan Fieli against Karim Khan led to a change in the relationship to the peaceful period of late in Zandieh, but it did not last a long time.
