pajoheshi
Iran Local Histories
Zoleykha Ghaffari Roodsari; Mahdi Ebadi
Abstract
Rural life and the issue of ownership in Gilan during the historical periods prior to the Qajar era followed at rajectory similar to that of other regions in Iran. However, during the Qajar period, due to the expansion of international relations, new economic dynamics emerged within Iranian society compared ...
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Rural life and the issue of ownership in Gilan during the historical periods prior to the Qajar era followed at rajectory similar to that of other regions in Iran. However, during the Qajar period, due to the expansion of international relations, new economic dynamics emerged within Iranian society compared to earlier times. Given that Gilan was considered a border province, these transformations manifested more significantly in rural life and land ownership within this region, Accordingly, this article, relying on the method of historical studies based on documents and using archival documents, has addressed these changes in the context of rural life, including the issue of land ownership, the expansion of private property, and the results of those changes in rural life in the Qajar era. According to the findings of this study, due to the existence of fertile land and favorable geographical location of Gilan during the Qajar era, domestic and foreign traders paid special attention to this area. Due to this attention, foreign traders took advantage ofthe political turmoil and weakness of the central government of Iran to seize the agricultural and rural lands of Gilan to produce products needed by global markets. One of the important factors influencing the change in the mindset of the local people and villagers regarding private property was the sale of the Khalsa properties of Gilan by Naser al-Din Shah. This action intensified the presence of influential individuals and Iranian businessmen, as well as nationals of foreign countries, in the villages of Gilan as landowners. Along with these changes, the issue of ownership and land tenure acquired new and different dimensions and popularized the idea of private ownership in the villages of the province of Gilan, which was accompanied by different results regarding ownership of its fertile lands compared to the past..
pajoheshi
Iran Local Histories
saeed saeed; Farideh Farahmandzadeh
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
As a communication route with Europe and the Ottoman, and thanks to the modernism of the Crown Prince, Abbas Mirza, modern education happened in Azerbaijan earlier than other states. Abbas Mirza's reforms intensified the missionary educational activities in Aran and Azerbaijan. To understand ...
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A B S T R A C T
As a communication route with Europe and the Ottoman, and thanks to the modernism of the Crown Prince, Abbas Mirza, modern education happened in Azerbaijan earlier than other states. Abbas Mirza's reforms intensified the missionary educational activities in Aran and Azerbaijan. To understand the quality of this process, it is necessary to examine how this familiarity occurs and the social and cultural challenges that arise from it. Paying attention to the modernists' strategies to overcome these challenges also clarifies their understanding of the nature of modern education and how to localize it. The quantitative trend of the new system also developed with the increase in the number of modern educational institutions in Azerbaijan, including missionary schools, primary schools and colleges. The question is: what was the main goal of the reformists and the missionaries? Based on the findings, education in missionary schools in Azerbaijan were tailored to achieve propaganda, to spread of European culture, and sometimes to achieve colonial goals. Sometimes, they temporarily achieved their socio-political goals, while failed in cultural-religious goals. In contrast, the Iranian national-state schools create and strengthen a modern socio-cultural base through new scientific approach in Azerbaijan successfully. In this research, while examining the reasons for the desire for modern education and change in traditional education in Azerbaijan, the goals of the new educational centers are examined, as well as the point that why and how they were achieved or not will be discussed. The research method of this study is library-based and follows the analytical-descriptive method.
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pajoheshi
Iran Local Histories
Abbas Panahi; Nariman Ramezanpour
Abstract
The Kia’i rule in Gilan between the 8th and 10th centuries AH is one of the local Iranian examples of the close connection between jurisprudential authority and political power. This government, which was initially founded on the teachings of Zaydism, derived its legitimacy from the endorsement ...
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The Kia’i rule in Gilan between the 8th and 10th centuries AH is one of the local Iranian examples of the close connection between jurisprudential authority and political power. This government, which was initially founded on the teachings of Zaydism, derived its legitimacy from the endorsement of Zaydi jurists, who played a decisive role in matters such as the imamate, the oath of allegiance, the collection of religious dues, and political decision-making. In this system, Zaydi jurisprudence provided not only the religious foundation but also the structure of political legitimacy. With the shift of the Kia’i state’s official sect to Imami Shi‘ism during the reign of Khan Ahmad I (932 AH), the relationship between jurists and rulers changed, and Imami jurisprudence replaced its Zaydi counterpart. To preserve their position, Zaydi jurists emphasized doctrinal commonalities and attempted—through mediation with Imami jurists—to maintain their influence within the new political order. This study, employing a historical approach and a critical review of local Gilan sources, examines the evolution of relations between Zaydi jurists and the Kia’i rulers. It demonstrates that the interaction was rooted in the need to preserve the religious and political legitimacy of the Kia’i government; for as long as Zaydism prevailed in Gilan, the endorsement and cooperation of the jurists were essential for the continuity of the Kia’i rulers’ authority and acceptance. The present research is based on library data collection, and the analysis draws on extracting historical narratives, comparing reports, and reconstructing the political-legitimacy model of the Kia’i period.
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pajoheshi
Iran Local Histories
Fatemeh Imanifard; Hasan Allahyari
Abstract
Simultaneously with the rebellions of the late Nader Shah era and the political turmoil after his death, the grounds for the emergence of local governments in various regions of Iran were prepared. The government of Nasir Khan Lari in the Larestan and Bandar Abbas regions was one of these governments. ...
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Simultaneously with the rebellions of the late Nader Shah era and the political turmoil after his death, the grounds for the emergence of local governments in various regions of Iran were prepared. The government of Nasir Khan Lari in the Larestan and Bandar Abbas regions was one of these governments. He made many efforts to restore the previous power of the Larestan local government. This restoration of local power in that turbulent atmosphere could have had a relative impact on the commercial conditions of the Larestan region. The aforementioned research, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on library data, attempts to examine the issue of why, despite Nasir Khan's efforts, the previous commercial position of this hinterland city did not return to the favorable situation of the Safavid era. The results of this research show that, despite his many efforts to restore commercial stability, Nasir Khan was unable to prevent the decline of Lar's commercial position due to the deterioration of the security situation caused by the Afghan invasion, continuity of frequent rebellions in the southern region of Iran, the tendency of merchants to gradually change the trade route to the port of Bushehr, and Karim Khan Zand's many clashes with him in Larestan and the surrounding areas. In fact, success in reviving trade in this region and halting the decline of this process required integration at all domestic and regional levels and could not rely solely on Nasir Khan's local policies and measures..
pajoheshi
Iran Local Histories
Ebrahim Raiygani; Hossein Dahandeh; Alireza Mollaie Tavani
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad is a region that historically served as a vital connective hub between northern (Isfahan) and southern (Persian Gulf) territories, as well as eastern (Fars) and western (Khuzestan) domains during ancient and Islamic eras. In the later Islamic centuries, political-administrative ...
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A B S T R A C T
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad is a region that historically served as a vital connective hub between northern (Isfahan) and southern (Persian Gulf) territories, as well as eastern (Fars) and western (Khuzestan) domains during ancient and Islamic eras. In the later Islamic centuries, political-administrative shifts—primarily driven by nomadic populations—led to its renaming as Kohgiluyeh from the Ilkhanate period onward. The discovery of oil and the imperative to secure trade routes abruptly elevated Kohgiluyeh’s strategic significance during the Qajar and Pahlavi dynasties. This prompted the arrival of European political-military operatives under the guise of travelers, archaeologists, and explorers. This article’s central aim is to examine the objectives and motivations behind European Orientalists’s activities in Kohgiluyeh. Thus, the study addresses the following question: What were the primary goals and incentives for European travelers and Orientalists in the Kohgiluyeh region? Data was gathered through documentary research, archival records, interviews, and field studies. Findings reveal that European Orientalists predominantly operated under the pretext of studying geographical features and historical monuments, with a marked emphasis on archaeology. These endeavors, commissioned by their respective European powers, sought to map communication routes and extract sociopolitical intelligence—ultimately aiming to consolidate control over southwestern Iran, dominate oil fields, and safeguard trade corridors for the transport of goods and raw materials to and from the region.
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pajoheshi
Iran Local Histories
sharif mobaderi; arman forouhi; AMIR RAFEII
Abstract
A B S T R A C TDuring the Abbasid era (656-132 AH), Khuzestan, as a key region in Iran, was religiously diverse and a place of convergence and interaction of different religions. This research, based on early sources and with a historical method and a descriptive-analytical approach, has identified and ...
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A B S T R A C TDuring the Abbasid era (656-132 AH), Khuzestan, as a key region in Iran, was religiously diverse and a place of convergence and interaction of different religions. This research, based on early sources and with a historical method and a descriptive-analytical approach, has identified and analyzed the religions prevalent in Khuzestan and sectarian movements. We seek to answer the question: What role did the major religions of the Islamic world play in the political, social, and cultural transformations of this region in the geography of Khuzestan? The research findings show that the majority of the people followed the Sunni religion, especially the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools, which were strengthened under the influence of the policies of the Abbasid Caliphate. However, Shiism gradually spread among Arab tribes and urban communities such as Ahvaz and Shushtar. Other Shiite groups such as Zaidi and Ismaili had a social and cultural life with limited influence in parts of Khuzestan. Also, the Abbasid religious policies, especially the support for theological schools such as the Mu'tazilites and the opposition to Shiite movements such as the Zaydi, affected the religious atmosphere of Khuzestan. These policies sometimes met with resistance from local groups. The life of various religions in Khuzestan, while coexisting, was sometimes accompanied by social and political challenges and crises that stemmed from issues such as religious-cultural differences between urban and rural groups. Religious interaction and confrontation in Khuzestan during the Abbasid era not only led to the growth and intellectual and theological competition between different religions, but also ultimately helped strengthen the region's religious identity and its cultural prosperity.
pajoheshi
Iran Local Histories
nader parvin; Asal parvin
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
One of the important tribes of the Kurdish regions of western Iran that has played an important role in the developments of the contemporary period of Iran, including the events related to the Qajar, and Pahlavi eras, is the Jaf Javanrud tribe. Using a historical method and a descriptive-analytical ...
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A B S T R A C T
One of the important tribes of the Kurdish regions of western Iran that has played an important role in the developments of the contemporary period of Iran, including the events related to the Qajar, and Pahlavi eras, is the Jaf Javanrud tribe. Using a historical method and a descriptive-analytical approach and based on the center-periphery theory, the present research will seek to answer the fundamental question of what were the most important efforts and actions of the Jaf Javanrud tribe in the contemporary developments of Iran at the national and local levels? The research hypothesis is that the most important efforts of the Jaf Javanrud tribe in the contemporary period at the national and local levels In contrast to the spatial inequality resulting from center-periphery governance and mainly aimed at acquiring a political and economic identity. The results of the research indicate that the most important efforts and actions of the Jaf tribe, in terms of the goals of the tribal leaders, can be separated into two dimensions: national and local, but in terms of the nature of the events, they are inseparable. Therefore, the national goals of the most important efforts and actions of the Jaf tribe of Javanrud from the Qajar era to the second Pahlavi era, which were achieved through the efforts and struggles of its leaders, are: increasing the bargaining power with governments to obtain commercial interests and customs rights, acquiring an independent political-tribal identity, and gaining a superior geopolitical position among the tribes of the west of the country through participation in the most important political developments of the contemporary era, Including the confrontation with the dominance of the center-periphery system and spatial inequality In the context of the policy of struggle and divergence with the central governments of the Qajar, Pahlavi I and II, and convergence with figures such as Salar al-Dawlah, Yar Mohammad Khan Kermanshahi, Qazi Mohammad, and Dr. Mossadegh, the local goals of the Jaf tribe of Javanrud were also based on the revival and reconstruction of the tribal organization, the expansion of the tribal territory, the acquisition of border trade interests, the reversal of the Ardalan family's dominance over the city of Javanrud through an alliance with the Kalhor tribe, and tribal dynamism. Unlike previous studies, the present research is based on tribal dynamics and the lack of separatist tendencies among the leaders of the Jaf tribe of Javanrud.
pajoheshi
Iran Local Histories
Yaser Mollazaei
Abstract
A B S T R A C TThe map “Persiae Regnvm sive Sophorvm Imperivm” by the Italian cartographer Antonio Magini, published in 1596 CE / 1004 AH, represents one of the earliest European attempts to depict the geographical landscape of Safavid-era Iran and exemplifies European efforts to acquire ...
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A B S T R A C TThe map “Persiae Regnvm sive Sophorvm Imperivm” by the Italian cartographer Antonio Magini, published in 1596 CE / 1004 AH, represents one of the earliest European attempts to depict the geographical landscape of Safavid-era Iran and exemplifies European efforts to acquire geographical knowledge of the region. The density of dozens of toponyms, including settlements and natural features, renders this map a significant source for studying the place-names of Iran’s geographical landscape. Among the numerous recorded toponyms, the focus of this article is a single name in southern Khorasan, labeled Coibocharan. The research question is: what is the equivalent of this toponym on Magini’s map, and why did he represent it as a mountainous natural feature within Khorasan during the Safavid period? Findings indicate that the toponymy of Coibocharan reflects a transitional pattern from ancient and classical conceptions toward the emerging knowledge of the Islamic era in Magini’s mental geography. Magini’s reference corresponds to Mount Baqeran, which was recorded as a toponym commemorating the memory of individuals believed, according to social beliefs, to be descendants of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. However, in its placement, Magini intended to depict an extensive ancient mountain range known as Bagus, located between Khorasan and Sistan, of which the present Mount Baqeran constitutes only a part rather than the whole. This transitional pattern highlights the tension between geographical realities and the cartographer’s mental geography..
pajoheshi
Iran Local Histories
hadi keshavarz
Abstract
A B S T R A C TDespite their distance from Iran’s political and cultural centers, local regions during the Qajar period reflected and participated in various cultural processes of the era. Bavanat, a region in northeastern Fars, was one such locality and served as the place of origin of a number ...
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A B S T R A C TDespite their distance from Iran’s political and cultural centers, local regions during the Qajar period reflected and participated in various cultural processes of the era. Bavanat, a region in northeastern Fars, was one such locality and served as the place of origin of a number of influential cultural figures during this period. Accordingly, this study examines the cultural agency of Bavanati elites during the Qajar period, with particular emphasis on the reasons and factors underlying their inclination toward cultural activities. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and draws on historical and documentary sources as well as field studies. The findings indicate that the cultural agency of Bavanati elites manifested itself in educational, scholarly, literary, journalistic, scribal, and manuscript-copying activities. The scope of cultural activity undertaken by some Bavanati elites extended beyond Iran. At the same time, the context within which the Bavanatis acted was shaped by geographical-economic, communicational-transit, tribal-local, and political structures. Alongside these structural factors, a combination of familial circumstances, individual characteristics, and the social and intellectual environments in which Bavanati elites lived and acted encouraged their inclination toward cultural activities. Bavanat’s natural and religious milieu, exposure to Sufi environments, the dissemination of new ideas through intellectual and reformist currents, and migration to regions outside Iran all influenced their cultural agency. In addition, livelihood and status-related motivations, as well as connections with centers of courtly power and influential families, constituted other important factors and contexts contributing to the Bavanatis’ inclination toward cultural activities.
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