Iran Local Histories
Fatemeh Faridi Majid
Abstract
Garus, which many people know by the name of Amir Nizam Garusi (the ruler of the Qajar period), according to the available sources, is an area of 1700 to 1800 square kilometers and one of the main components of the structure of the country divisions of western Iran from the beginning of the Safavid to ...
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Garus, which many people know by the name of Amir Nizam Garusi (the ruler of the Qajar period), according to the available sources, is an area of 1700 to 1800 square kilometers and one of the main components of the structure of the country divisions of western Iran from the beginning of the Safavid to the middle of the Pahlavi period. This region was sometimes under the rule of Kurdistan and in most times was governed by an independent ruler. The present article, based on official and unofficial documents in a historical-referential method, has sought the position of this region by emphasizing its name in the structure of Iran's administrative divisions.The results show that the official application of the name Garus to this region was common frombefore the Safavid period to the middle of the Pahlavi period and after that, although it remained in the cultural memory, it was identified with the name of Bijar in the geographical structure of Iran. The author tries to express the stages of presence, application and official removal of this geographical name among official and unofficial correspondences, approvals, documents and sources in the structure of Iran's country divisions. It seems that Garus tribe’s power in the Safavid period and after that Amir Nizam Garusi’s position in the Qajar period, in the application of Garus and the promotion of this region and the decline of the tribe’s power played a decisive role in changing its name.
Iran Local Histories
keihan moshirpanahi; mohammad sheikhahmadi; uthman Yousefi; mohammad ghorban kiani
Abstract
On the eve of the first world war, the western borders and the Kurdish regions of Iran during the Qajar era were through a critical period due to the displacement of local rulers. Also deep-rooted historical differences with the Ottomans, the presence of various tribes and political differences made ...
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On the eve of the first world war, the western borders and the Kurdish regions of Iran during the Qajar era were through a critical period due to the displacement of local rulers. Also deep-rooted historical differences with the Ottomans, the presence of various tribes and political differences made the region faced with new events. While the Ottomans had officially entered the war, the buffering of Kurdistan between Iran and the Ottomans could not keep Kurdistan away from its consequences. The study tries to explain the causes of the expansion and continuation of the war in Kurdistan, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the historical sources of documents, local and national newspapers. The investigations showed that the political and religious differences in Kurdistan and the confrontation of nomads with each other, along with the strategic importance of this region for foreign forces were the essancial factors behind the spread of the war to Kurdistan. Also, political instability in Kurdistan, intensification of tribal conflicts, presence of disaffected Sheikhs, competition of hostile governments and finally false promises of independence led to the continuation of the war in the region.
Iran Local Histories
seyyed borhan tafsiri; SEYED Mohammad Sheikhahmadi
Abstract
In the present study, the history of Marivan City from the time of the emergence of this word in historical sources has been studied. Understanding the fate of the city of Marivan from ancient times to the origin of the word Marivan and what historical stages it has gone through requires a lot of research. ...
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In the present study, the history of Marivan City from the time of the emergence of this word in historical sources has been studied. Understanding the fate of the city of Marivan from ancient times to the origin of the word Marivan and what historical stages it has gone through requires a lot of research. Here, the criterion and source of information processing is the origin of the word Marivan with different titles in historical texts. Accordingly, the beginning of the chronicle of the city of Marivan in this study dates back to the Mongol era and continues almost until the beginning of the Pahlavi period. Existing sources and reports indicate that the political appearance of the city of Marivan, with this title, in historical sources is synonymous with the rise to power and chronology of the Ardalan family in the seventh century AH. Since then, one can trace Mariwan in the process of border developments between the two empires of Iran and the Ottoman Empire, as well as in the rivalry between the Kurdish ruling families of Ardalan (around Mariwan and later in Sanandaj) and Baban (in Sulaimaniyah). Thus, in the present study, the political destiny of the city of Marivan from the Mongol period to the Pahlavi period has been mentioned based on historical sources and library methods..
Abbas Ahmadvand
Abstract
Iraq-i- Ajam was one of Geographical-Historical areas once considered as one of the most important states of Iran throughout its history. It has always been the interests of many rulers to identify the boundaries of the realm of their domination, geographers, and other scholars in terms of geographically ...
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Iraq-i- Ajam was one of Geographical-Historical areas once considered as one of the most important states of Iran throughout its history. It has always been the interests of many rulers to identify the boundaries of the realm of their domination, geographers, and other scholars in terms of geographically determining the boundaries of scientific centers and enumerating important cities. On the other hand, the Iranian rulers dominated the cities, settlements, military centers and roads of these strategic area, which could, in addition to maintaining the security of their western borders - by creating impenetrable platforms - adjacent to the capital of the western dynasties of Iran, using geographical conditions. So It should be noted that Iraq-i-Ajam had a special position in the economy of regional governments and trade. In the present study, with a special reference to the historical context and methodology, Iraq-i-Ajam based on geographical and historical sources in different periods, is discussed by using historical geography approach. We will deal with lexicography and its meaning in literary and historical texts, then examine the boundaries of the province of Jabal and its transformation to Iraq -i- Ajam in later geographical sources. Finally we will survey the changes of its boundaries throughout history and separation Kurdistan from it.
Mazhar Advay; Ali Nazemian Fard; Hadi Valkili
Abstract
In the last decade of Qajar rule, due to the presence of Ottoman citizens and the extensive transfer of citizenship from Shahbandari to Kurdistan, it was considered as one of the most insecure provinces in Iran. In fact, the decisive support of the Ottoman government from its citizens and the problems ...
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In the last decade of Qajar rule, due to the presence of Ottoman citizens and the extensive transfer of citizenship from Shahbandari to Kurdistan, it was considered as one of the most insecure provinces in Iran. In fact, the decisive support of the Ottoman government from its citizens and the problems brought about by them led to a situation in which even the commissions held for the settlement of border issues between the two countries in Kurdistan region, addressed the issue of citizen and it was accounted as commonplace issue at all meetings of the commission. But on the 15rd muharram in 1332/14 december 1913, Kurdistan official departments and its headquarters were attacked and looted simultaneously by some groups of people. Despite the wide presence of Ottoman citizens in the neighborhoods, the looted offices and houses, and its confirmation in local reports, the Ottoman government denied its citizens involvement in the incident and called looters Iranians. Regarding the above mentioned discussions, the question arise that what were the basic grounds and subsequent consequences of the attack on the Kurdistan government departments? The present article attempt to use the descriptive-analytical method and two research modes in the social history approach, namely, "techniques for enhancing the example quotation (resorting to certification of specialists)"and “comparable cases comparison”, to analyze the incident and the groups participating therein by drawing on the documents of the State Department (300 pages file) and the Organization of documents.
Shahin Ranaie; Ali Bigdeli
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, , Pages 5-22
Abstract
The first stage of land reform program only included major landowners. However, it had common aims at the country, but it is encountered different reactions in various areas. Landowners upon their facilities and conditions did different proceeds to prevent implementation of land reform and oppose state ...
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The first stage of land reform program only included major landowners. However, it had common aims at the country, but it is encountered different reactions in various areas. Landowners upon their facilities and conditions did different proceeds to prevent implementation of land reform and oppose state policies. In this research, the problem is how did large landowners face the articles of land reform law and why were there contradictions between their reactions in various parts of this region? To answer these questions, the present study, has utilized descriptive and explanatory methods. Based on the research conclusions, because of the tribal structure domination and nomadic correlation, the activities of Left Parties and influence of the nationalism ideas of the northern and western areas of the provinces such as Saqqez, Bāneh, Marivān and Divāndareh, there must have been stronger opposition to land reform and government than other parts.
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Volume 5, . , March 2017, , Pages 137-156
Abstract
The Kurdistan state of Qajar period, found its enlightened summit and position in the field of local history writings. The local histories are those types of histories which possess a strong ecosystem orientations. These kinds of histories, due to the look of historians from bottom to the top, involve ...
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The Kurdistan state of Qajar period, found its enlightened summit and position in the field of local history writings. The local histories are those types of histories which possess a strong ecosystem orientations. These kinds of histories, due to the look of historians from bottom to the top, involve a variety of contents and for this reason are of great significance in the social history studies. One of the best examples of these histories is the history of the Ouraman sultans. This book has been written with the focus on the history of the series of Ouraman sultans in the area of Ouraman of Kurdistan province. The Ouraman sultans family were originally from the dominant rulers of the Ouraman bloc, belonged to the blockades of the Kurdistan state of Iran and Sanandaj was its capital which was ruled under the leadership of the Kurd Ardalan family, until 1284 AH, The findings of the study show that among the works presented in Kurdistan state from the rise of the Qajar dynasty to the collapse of the Mozaffarid reign, with exception of the book ‘Tohfe-ye Naseri’ of Mirza Šokr-Allah Sanandaji who had some modern views on historiography, the rest of the histories, including the history of the Ouraman sultans have been written in the style of the traditional histories
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Volume 3, Issue 6 , October 2015, , Pages 137-165
Abstract
One of the local Kurdish governments that despite centuries of autonomy, in the early time of Shah Abbas I of the Safavid accepted to be related government to the central government was the government of Ardalan in Kurdistan. Due to the strategic position of Kurdistan Ardalan on the border of Iran and ...
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One of the local Kurdish governments that despite centuries of autonomy, in the early time of Shah Abbas I of the Safavid accepted to be related government to the central government was the government of Ardalan in Kurdistan. Due to the strategic position of Kurdistan Ardalan on the border of Iran and Turkey, the Ardalans, who prior to this, did not accept the submission of any of the governments of Iran and Ottomans, by accepting to be officially dependant to the Iranian government at the time of Shah Abbas I, marked a new chapter in its political history. Within the period 1019 to 1046 A.H, which includes a part of the reign of Shah Abbas I and the early reign of Shah Safi in Iran, Kurdistan Ardalan was under the rule of two of the most powerful local rulers, Heh Lukhan and his son Ahmad Khan Ardalan. In this research the political development of Kurdistan in the above mentioned period and relations of the local rulers with the central government have been studied. The findings show that the centralization policy of the Safavid on the one hand and the geographical location of the territory of Ardalan in the early reign of Shah Abbas I on the other hand played a key role in the integration of local government of Ardalan in the central government. Since that time, Ardalan rulers, in the position of governor, played an important role in the administrative system of the Safavids.
