Iran Local Histories
Amirhossein Hatami
Abstract
Qazvin in recent centuries, especially from the Safavid period onwards has always been influenced by important political, social and economic developments due to its special geographical and historical location. These developments have affected all aspects of urban life, especially the population. Therefore, ...
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Qazvin in recent centuries, especially from the Safavid period onwards has always been influenced by important political, social and economic developments due to its special geographical and historical location. These developments have affected all aspects of urban life, especially the population. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to analyze and study these changes by explaining the most important components affecting demographic changes. Based on the findings, demographic changes in Qazvin have been directly related to general developments in the country. In fact, a set of factors such as political factor (the transfer of the capital to and from Qazvin), social factor (different ethnic-tribal groups’ displacement), military factor (multiple wars), economic factor (economic boom or recession) and natural factors (disease and earthquake) have caused the most demographic changes in Qazvin.
Iran Local Histories
fatemeh jafarnia; Mohammad aziznegad; Ramezan Bidar
Abstract
Ziyad Oghli Qajar dynasty was among the important and influential families in the Caucasus who emerged from the transformation process of the political and administrative structure of the Safavid government. This dynasty developed from the Qajar tribe and gained power in Karabakh by the support of the ...
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Ziyad Oghli Qajar dynasty was among the important and influential families in the Caucasus who emerged from the transformation process of the political and administrative structure of the Safavid government. This dynasty developed from the Qajar tribe and gained power in Karabakh by the support of the Safavid kings. Ziyad Oghli dynasty was one of the most important advocates of the establishment and perpetuation of the political sovereignty of the Safavid state in the Caucasus. There is no clear picture of their political and military role in Karabakh during the reign of Shah Tahmasb I, and therefore, further studies is essential. This research attempted to answer the question: What was Ziyad Oghli dynasty’s role in the political developments of the Caucasus during the reign of Shah Tahmasb I? The findings showed that the Ziyad Oghli dynasty was responsible for the security and protection of the Safavid frontiers against the Ottomans. Moreover, they had to deal with Georgia's internal affairs and suppress the riots against the Safavid state in the eastern parts of Georgia. In other words, their most important role was to stabilize and perpetuate the political sovereignty of the Safavid state in the Caucasus.The research was a descriptive and analytical study.
Abdolhadi Khademyani; mahbuob mahdavian; Amir Abdulahi
Volume 10, Issue 20 , October 2022, , Pages 91-102
Abstract
Examining the relations between tribes and tribes is one of the important topics of Iranian history. This issue is more important in the Safavid period, especially in the western regions of Iran, due to the hostile relations with the Ottoman government. In this article, the activism of two Kurdish clans ...
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Examining the relations between tribes and tribes is one of the important topics of Iranian history. This issue is more important in the Safavid period, especially in the western regions of Iran, due to the hostile relations with the Ottoman government. In this article, the activism of two Kurdish clans of this region, namely Ardalan and Zanganeh, has been analyzed analytically in regional, national and inter-territorial developments. What are the main components of their internal relations (with each other) and external relations (with the central government of Iran and the Ottoman Empire) and what has been the impact of these relations on regional developments? In this research, it is descriptive-analytical and by referring to the main sources, especially local Kurdish and Persian sources, focusing on the research question, extracting historical data, and after measuring and evaluating the content, it is set with an analytical approach.The results of the research show that during the Safavid era, the mentioned clans, especially the Ardalan clan, which had the sovereignty of the Kurdistan states, were among the political and military activists in the west of the country and gained great importance. In this period, on the one hand, with the type of relations they established with the Safavid government and on the other hand, due to the constant conflicts they had with each other, they created the ground for the emergence of annexation unrest in the states of Kurdistan and Kermanshahs, which sometimes attacked the central government as well. had faced challenges. At the end of the Safavid government, the internal weakness of the Ardalan clan and the forced dispersion of people from the Zanganeh clan in different regions of Iran by the order of the Safavid kings, gradually led them to avoid conflict and desire to interact with each other.
Mohammad-Mahdi Roshanfekr; reza moeini
Abstract
The province of Kohgiluyeh in the Safavid era (1135-907 AH) was one of the most important states and one of the Biglarbegian and included several rulers including Hawizeh, Dezful and Basra. Its geographical area started from the modern city of Yasuj and ended at the shores of the Persian Gulf in the ...
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The province of Kohgiluyeh in the Safavid era (1135-907 AH) was one of the most important states and one of the Biglarbegian and included several rulers including Hawizeh, Dezful and Basra. Its geographical area started from the modern city of Yasuj and ended at the shores of the Persian Gulf in the port of Deylam and included areas such as Behbahan and Ramhormoz. The Safavid kings always attached special importance and prestige to this province. Much of this attention was due to its strategic position and military might. Security in the Persian Gulf was also provided through this state. This situation caused the rule and sovereignty of Kohgiluyeh province to be handed over to the powerful and influential leaders of Afshar tribe for nearly a century. The political situation and the special climatic and mountainous features of some parts of it attracted the attention of the opponents of the Safavid government. At times, it was a refuge and stronghold for the struggle of the opponents of the Safavid government, and this itself required more attention from the government. The present study is based on the question of the political and military role of Kohgiluyeh province in the Safavid era. This research is a historical research with "descriptive-analytical" method and using library resources and field studies. Historical data have been collected, then evaluated and analyzed, and finally inferred from it.
Ghorbanali Kenaroudi; Soheyla Naimi
Abstract
Khan Ahmad Gilani Khan (1538-1592) is the last ruler of Al-Kia in Gilan who was overthrown by Shah Abbas I in 1592 A.D for political, economic and religious reasons. The encounter of Safavid historians with the government of Al-Kia can be examined in three steps: at the first, they speak of Al-Kia respectfully ...
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Khan Ahmad Gilani Khan (1538-1592) is the last ruler of Al-Kia in Gilan who was overthrown by Shah Abbas I in 1592 A.D for political, economic and religious reasons. The encounter of Safavid historians with the government of Al-Kia can be examined in three steps: at the first, they speak of Al-Kia respectfully due to refuge of Mirza Ismail to Gilan. In the second step that was coincident with the reign of Shah Tahmasp, historians gradually left behind the Al-Kia government as a result of some disputations between Tahmasp and Khan Ahmad and finally his imprisonment. And the third step was the time of Shah Abbas government and the overthrown of Al-Kia. Historical sources of this era tried to introduce Khan Ahmad as a guilty person in favour of Shah Abbas’ action and to support of Safavid dynasty. The present research intends to investigate the reasons of difference viewpoints in historical sources from Safavid era about the Character of Khan Ahmad Gilani Khan.
Mojtaba Tabriziniya Tabrizi; Abdolrasoul Kheirandish; Ataollah Hassani; Reza Shabani
Abstract
The cannon, as a heavy, collective, expensive weapon, requiring training in the use and expense of construction, maintenance, and deployment could only be in the hands of the central government. Historical evidence suggests that the use of this modern weapon has been a decisive and accelerating factor ...
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The cannon, as a heavy, collective, expensive weapon, requiring training in the use and expense of construction, maintenance, and deployment could only be in the hands of the central government. Historical evidence suggests that the use of this modern weapon has been a decisive and accelerating factor in controlling centrifugal forces, suppressing local rogue rulers, and consolidating and expanding central sovereignty. As a result of the expansion of central government authority over all the Safavid territory gained through the shelling of the cannon, the reign of Shah Abbas I was accompanied by the least internal strife, and this resulted in great victories in the frontier battles (the conquest of Yerevan by Shah Safi and the conquest of Kandahar and the defense of it three times against the Mongolian government of India), which also relied on artillery fire. With the emergence of signs of weakness of the Safavid rule and the start of widespread border revolts, although the gunners have always been part of the army, their incapability in effectively use artillery in the fortress war (face to face war) led to the overthrown of the government army and eventually, the collapse of the Safavids.
In the repression of local rulers if the "fortress war" took place, the destructive power of the bullets and the sound of cannon shattering would defeat any resistance, but in the " fortress war and face-to-face" wars, in the Safavid period, sufficient skill was used. The artillery was not effective and decisive. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies.
Mojtaba Jokar; Reza Moeini Roudbali
Abstract
Lashani, as one of the small tribe of Fars, has gone through a tumultuous period . The tribe was first mentioned in the late sources of Safavid period when they participated in the fight against the Afghans. Gaining power by Karim khan Zand and his presence in the Fars province, they allied with him ...
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Lashani, as one of the small tribe of Fars, has gone through a tumultuous period . The tribe was first mentioned in the late sources of Safavid period when they participated in the fight against the Afghans. Gaining power by Karim khan Zand and his presence in the Fars province, they allied with him and constituted a part of his army. Early in the Qajar period, some groups of Lashanies were exiled to other areas and majority of them took refuge to Qashqai. In 1291, after the separation of the Qashqai, the tribe, which had been assigned as a Toyul (fief/feud) to Hekmat family, played a prominent role in the events of Fars, particularly in the struggle against the southern police. However, they played a prominent role in Fars events, especially in fighting against South Persia Rifles (S.P.R). This question has been raised: What role has this tribe played in the province of Fars from the late Safavid period to the end of the Qajar era? In response to this hypothesis, Lashani was a small tribe who had lived in Persia for many years before the Zand dynasty was formed, and in historical ups and downs when connected with people, governments and tribes of power influenced by developments and events in Fars. This study based on descriptive-analytical method and historical texts and field research set out to investigate role and status of Lashanies in Fars from late Safavid up to the end of Qajar dynasty.
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Volume 6, . , March 2018, , Pages 125-136
Abstract
Qajar tribes until the foundation of the monarchy (1209 AH / 1502-1794 AH) have been influential for several conturies in Iranian events. The purpose of this paper is to identify the reasons for the continuation of Qajar residen ce in Estarabar, which is carriedout using a descriptine – analytical ...
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Qajar tribes until the foundation of the monarchy (1209 AH / 1502-1794 AH) have been influential for several conturies in Iranian events. The purpose of this paper is to identify the reasons for the continuation of Qajar residen ce in Estarabar, which is carriedout using a descriptine – analytical approach and a library method. The mainissue of the research is the reason for the establishment and continuation of Qajar residence in Estarabar. According to the author, contarary to the view of some contemporary scholar who consider forced displacement caused by Qajar settlement in this region, the way of establishing Qajar relations with neighboring tribes plays an essential role in their survival on the banks of the Gorgan River. It is assumed that the forced tranfar in safavid period was not the only factor in the continuation of Qajar’s presence, and the results of the surveys show that the intelligence of the Qajar lesders in turning the Turkmen threat to the opportunity and the way of their relationship with their neighbors was an important favtor in their continued presence in the Estarabad region. Unlike the tribes, migrated by force such as the Georgians the Lezgis, the Afghans, the kurds and the Lords, they became frienda with the Turkmen, and environmental features have also made it possible to plan the political strategy of this tribe to get into power.
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Volume 4, اول , February 2016, , Pages 27-37
Abstract
Gilan was always rich and difficult for the central government of iran in history. It has been difficult due to the lack of access. This matter also caused Esmail Mirza to migrate to Gilan. However, Shah Tahmasb and Shah Abbas I have several reasons and excuses for dominating the land. Gilan neighboring ...
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Gilan was always rich and difficult for the central government of iran in history. It has been difficult due to the lack of access. This matter also caused Esmail Mirza to migrate to Gilan. However, Shah Tahmasb and Shah Abbas I have several reasons and excuses for dominating the land. Gilan neighboring Caucasus, Russia and relationship with Ottoman through Caucasus, silk valuable resources, water relations with Europe, changing the land into hideouts fugitives and Safavid opponents and Sadat Shiite dominance and its competition with the Safavids led them not to accept the continuity of the governments of Gilan. This study uses descriptive-analytical method based on library resources and data analysis.
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Volume 3, Issue 6 , October 2015, , Pages 137-165
Abstract
One of the local Kurdish governments that despite centuries of autonomy, in the early time of Shah Abbas I of the Safavid accepted to be related government to the central government was the government of Ardalan in Kurdistan. Due to the strategic position of Kurdistan Ardalan on the border of Iran and ...
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One of the local Kurdish governments that despite centuries of autonomy, in the early time of Shah Abbas I of the Safavid accepted to be related government to the central government was the government of Ardalan in Kurdistan. Due to the strategic position of Kurdistan Ardalan on the border of Iran and Turkey, the Ardalans, who prior to this, did not accept the submission of any of the governments of Iran and Ottomans, by accepting to be officially dependant to the Iranian government at the time of Shah Abbas I, marked a new chapter in its political history. Within the period 1019 to 1046 A.H, which includes a part of the reign of Shah Abbas I and the early reign of Shah Safi in Iran, Kurdistan Ardalan was under the rule of two of the most powerful local rulers, Heh Lukhan and his son Ahmad Khan Ardalan. In this research the political development of Kurdistan in the above mentioned period and relations of the local rulers with the central government have been studied. The findings show that the centralization policy of the Safavid on the one hand and the geographical location of the territory of Ardalan in the early reign of Shah Abbas I on the other hand played a key role in the integration of local government of Ardalan in the central government. Since that time, Ardalan rulers, in the position of governor, played an important role in the administrative system of the Safavids.
