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Volume 3, Issue 3 , February 2015, , Pages 52-66
Abstract
Over the course of twenty years of the reign of Reza Shah in Iran some measures were taken to modernize society that among the tribes, especially tribes of Lorestan province, nomadic tribes suffered the most changes. Reza Shah, regardless of the foundations of economic, cultural, military and governing ...
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Over the course of twenty years of the reign of Reza Shah in Iran some measures were taken to modernize society that among the tribes, especially tribes of Lorestan province, nomadic tribes suffered the most changes. Reza Shah, regardless of the foundations of economic, cultural, military and governing traditional nomadic society, decided to deal with these traditions. He first suppressed tribal revolts then disarmed them by force and forced to settle the nomads and imposed on them urban culture and traditions. Implementation of this policy is to disregard the requirements of tribal and nomadic life and lack of progress plan and in the operation field incorrect understanding of untrained performers who often took bribes and they were violent, led them to a serious failure tribal government policy of Pahlavi among nomadic Lor tribes. This paper examines how the political and military goals of his policies on traditional nomadic society of Lorestan were performed and identification and assessment of the consequences of these policies on the nomadic tribal communities of Lorestan, has been studied.
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Volume 6, . , March 2018, , Pages 53-66
Abstract
Along with competition of tribal Afsharieh, Zandiyeh and Qajar members, the fight between two intellectual Shiite sides of Sufi Ne'matollāhī and Sharia scholars leading by Principal Mujtaheds in Kerman City was escalated and led to killing of Mushtaq Ali Shah and one of his followers. This division ...
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Along with competition of tribal Afsharieh, Zandiyeh and Qajar members, the fight between two intellectual Shiite sides of Sufi Ne'matollāhī and Sharia scholars leading by Principal Mujtaheds in Kerman City was escalated and led to killing of Mushtaq Ali Shah and one of his followers. This division was highly effective on the subsequent events of the city such as the capture of the city by Aqa Mohammad Khan Qajar, in the process of the consolidation coincident with Fath Ali Shah era, inevitably made itself close to the municipal bodies among which scholars and clergymen were considered the most powerful ones. This policy subjected Sofia to pressure and threat. During the reign of Mohammad Shah, the Sharia followers of Kerman challenged the Tariqa followers’ supremacy by the implementation of Sharia law. Explaining the events and expressing the consequences of this division is the subject of this study. Investigating the references and documents and analyzing historical data indicate the contention and conflict of these two influential groups of Kerman during the reign of the first three kings of the Qajar dynasty.
Esmail Hasanzadeh
Abstract
During the 231 years of its rule in the city of Gilan, the kayaians passed many ups and down in relation with local and regional government. Policies were adopted at each stage in accordance with the political and social needs of both internal and external. One of these periods was the period of Karkia ...
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During the 231 years of its rule in the city of Gilan, the kayaians passed many ups and down in relation with local and regional government. Policies were adopted at each stage in accordance with the political and social needs of both internal and external. One of these periods was the period of Karkia Mirza Ali ruling, which coincided with the collapse of the rule of Aq Qoyunlu. This simultaneously led to Karkia Mirza Ali’s departure from the traditional foreign policy of the family of citizenship toward the central government of Iran and the adoption of an aggressive opposition policy. Using these main sources and analyzing the historical narratives, this paper seeks to explain the impact of reform on internal instability and the causes of the failure of an aggressive antipolitic policy towards Aq Qoyunlu. The coincidence of the implementation of internal reforms with the adoption of a new foreign policy led to intensification or the rivalry within the kayaian dynasty. Several Karkia Mirza Ali’s defeats in foreign policy, including the Marashian of Mazandaran, Aq Qoyunlu and other local governments, led to the loss of part of their traditional territory. These failures stagnated internal dissenters to exacerbate their opposition. Eventually, Karkia Mirza Ali was defeated and killed by a riot inside the house. His killing led the kayaian government into traditional politics of nationality form the central government of Iran.
Farideh Farzi; Zekrollah Mohammadi; Hossein Abadian; Yaghoub Khazaei
Abstract
After the 28th Mordad coup, The Mohammad Reza Shah decided to make reforms and such reforms were made mostly in the form of white revolution. The white revolution was realized in several steps and 19 principles and formation of the Eensaf Houses at the villages was proposed in the 9th principle. The ...
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After the 28th Mordad coup, The Mohammad Reza Shah decided to make reforms and such reforms were made mostly in the form of white revolution. The white revolution was realized in several steps and 19 principles and formation of the Eensaf Houses at the villages was proposed in the 9th principle. The formation of Ensaf Houses caused the establishment of a social and judicial system at the villages, thus, the study of their formation and effects on judicial systems of villages is necessary. The present study aims to investigate the formation of Ensaf Houses at the villages of Esfahan province since its beginning to 1357 SH and answer following questions: How did people interact with this new-established organization? How much did it succeed in solving the problems of villagers? The present research seeks to investigate the reasons of the establishment and method of Ensaf Houses functions in the villages of Esfahan by the use of library and documentary resources of this period and applying a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of this research suggest that, although this newly established institution has worked positively to overcome some of the problems, due to lack of proper monitoring of the performance of members by the supervisors, it caused other problems and its positive performance was affected.
Zahra Jahan; Ali Nazemianfard
Volume 6, . , March 2018, , Pages 63-78
Abstract
Baghdad, the Abbasid Capital, which contained some factions became the field for struggle between Shiites and Sunnis. These controversies did not limited to cultural domains and centers, and spread gradually to social scenes and disturbed the civil peace. It is right that there has been struggle and ...
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Baghdad, the Abbasid Capital, which contained some factions became the field for struggle between Shiites and Sunnis. These controversies did not limited to cultural domains and centers, and spread gradually to social scenes and disturbed the civil peace. It is right that there has been struggle and conflict among the Islamic factions during the history, but in this era, the struggle between the Shiite and Sunnis became more violent than ever before. The present study-which is based on a descriptive and analytical approach through the qualitative method with – was aimed to clarify backgrounds and factors which acted in rebating and intensifying the struggles between the Shiite and Sunnis which in turn determine and explain such initiatives.
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Volume 3, Issue 6 , October 2015, , Pages 66-83
Abstract
Isfahan in the center of the plateau of Iran has got a suitable climate and considerable economic and strategic conditions. These conditions also affect the collective life of the inhabitants of the city in its historical evolution. Isfahan in the late Sassanid era was a major business, agricultural ...
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Isfahan in the center of the plateau of Iran has got a suitable climate and considerable economic and strategic conditions. These conditions also affect the collective life of the inhabitants of the city in its historical evolution. Isfahan in the late Sassanid era was a major business, agricultural and military center, and its importance was so much that Yazdgerd III fleeing the Arabs arrived in Isfahan, but the situations did not meet his expectations. Arabs after opening the outer borders of Iran chose Isfahan as their first target in the Central Plateau of Iran and occupied this important town peacefully. While Muslims in their conquests in Iran were faced with people's resistance and were forced to recapturing cities; Isfahan was conquered easier and there were no public resistance and reactions aftermath. In this regard, the paper explains the privileged position of Isfahan and its importance in the late Sassanid and early Islamic period also it describes the conquest of Isfahan in comparison to other major cities in Iran by Arabs. The findings obtained and interpreted by studying historical sources and by library method show that the conquest of the city with a good location and at the center of the Sassanid privileged classes, has been influenced by several factors, in the meantime informed and pragmatic attitude in dealing peacefully with urban populations have contributed winners.
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Volume 5, . , March 2017, , Pages 67-80
Abstract
The attack of Agha Mohammad Khan to Kerman had great security and political consequences. The increasing struggles made by local heads in southwestern Iran, created a risky situation to that extent that the possibility of Sistan’s separation was not cut off from Iran. This condition led central ...
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The attack of Agha Mohammad Khan to Kerman had great security and political consequences. The increasing struggles made by local heads in southwestern Iran, created a risky situation to that extent that the possibility of Sistan’s separation was not cut off from Iran. This condition led central authorities to send rulers from Qajar high- ranking princes to Kerman to establish security there and to reconstruct the city of kerman which a huge part of its urban foundations had been destroyed. During the Qajar ruling dynasty the process of establishing security by the Qajar rulers was put into agenda. The present study by focusing on how the process of the establishment of security and political administration of the Kerman state during the Qajar period, has been? The findings of the study reveal that the Qajar rulers, despite the existing local revolts, set out to establish security and to reconstruct the destroyed city of Kerman via appointing the high-ranking princes and experienced and skillful bureacrats of the Qajar dynasty.
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Volume 2, Issue 4 , November 2014, , Pages 68-83
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2013, , Pages 74-88
Amin Mohammadi
Abstract
The establishment of constitution and the gradual steps in lack of the power of the central government led to the emergence of local powers with the tribe backing up in different parts of Iran. Bagherkhan A'zam-al- Saltaneh, the head of Kakavand Tribe is one of those who, relying on his own tribes, became ...
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The establishment of constitution and the gradual steps in lack of the power of the central government led to the emergence of local powers with the tribe backing up in different parts of Iran. Bagherkhan A'zam-al- Saltaneh, the head of Kakavand Tribe is one of those who, relying on his own tribes, became one of the major powers in Kermanshah and Lorestan, and played a role in the political relations of the west of the country. Lak- spoken tribe of Kakavand, who had no place in the political equations of the west of the country before the Constitutional Revolution, With the establishment of the Constitutional Revolution under the leadership of azam-al-saltaneh. This research with a descriptive-analytical approach, based on archival documents, search for answer the question of how the Azam-al-Saltaneh of Kakavand became one of the powers of the western region of Iran and What was his position in the late Qajar political developments (Salar- al-Dawleh rebellion and World War I)? The results of this study show that Kakavand tribe chief, through the weakness of the central government and the creation of insecurity in the region, was able to enter political relations in order to gain power and consolidate his government in Harsin and preside over Kakavand Tribe. He fought the Salar -al-Dawleh rebellion in accompany with contumacious prince of Qajar against the Constitutional government. On the other hand, he was one of the allies of the temporary government in the war against Russian Intruders in Iran.
Javad Sakha; Gholam-Hossein Zargarinezhad; Ataollah Hasani; Sohrab Yazdani
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, , Pages 76-92
Abstract
With the beginning of the Constitutional Movement of people in Tabriz, some of its preachers joined the Movement based on some former connections that they had with the reformist elements of the city. The preachers used their abilities and some unique guild privileges so that they were considered among ...
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With the beginning of the Constitutional Movement of people in Tabriz, some of its preachers joined the Movement based on some former connections that they had with the reformist elements of the city. The preachers used their abilities and some unique guild privileges so that they were considered among the leaders of Constitutionalism in a short time. Thus, they actively participated in some constitutionalism related issues, the most important of which was forming “Mojahed” military forces. Due to some reasons, these two groups soon found common objectives and interests and became close comrades. Beginning with “lesser Despotism” and the attacks of anti-constitutionalists and the resistance of Mojaheds against them, Preachers, after a short hesitation, hurried to help “Mojaheds” and tried to turn the Resistance Movement from a pure military issue into a multifaceted attempt based on various national elements. Due to their familiarity with religious teachings and their use of preaching abilities, the preachers benefited from their social position among people to motivate people to accompany “Mojaheds” and responded to the religious attacks of the opponents of Constitutionalism. They also actively participated in some staff issues which were necessary for organizing the Resistance Movement. After reviewing the beginning of Constitutionalism Movement in Tabriz, the joining of preachers to the Movement, their role in forming military forces and some other changes, and based on reliable historical sources and research, this study tries to use a descriptive-analytical method to answer the following questions: what causes and reasons made preachers join the Resistance Movement? What subjects and issues did they emphasize in their preaches? The findings of this research reveal that Preachers considered the Resistance Movement as an admirable attempt for reviving constitutionalism. They believed that for this purpose the presence of religious-intellectual forces was necessary along with military forces. In their preaches they focused on faithfulness to the ideals of Constitutionalism, conformity of Constitutionalism and Mojaheds behavior with the religious principles, the opposition of despotism with religious principles and the necessity of development and progress of the country based on the objectives of Constitutionalism. As the most important thing, they focused on encouraging and helping multifaceted resistance against the supporters of Muhammad Ali Shah. This research is a study in the field of local historical studies of Tabriz in one of important periods of contemporary history of Iran.
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Volume 4, اول , February 2016, , Pages 49-68
Abstract
This paper for the first time examines the Political - Military Activities of Christians forces in Azerbaijan, especially in Urmia in during the First World War. Paper to Relying on Reliable Sources and Documents and By adopting a Method Descriptive - Analytical want show What was the Nature of the Christian ...
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This paper for the first time examines the Political - Military Activities of Christians forces in Azerbaijan, especially in Urmia in during the First World War. Paper to Relying on Reliable Sources and Documents and By adopting a Method Descriptive - Analytical want show What was the Nature of the Christian Organizations? What were their supporters? why and for what purposes to work with Christians? However The Assyrians were pursuing their own goals, their activities were a part of the Great Britain concerns about the preservation of India, but After killing Marshimon by Simko, their plans will fail completely. In fact, after the Retreat of Russians of Fronts and be alon Englishmen in Result of October Revolution, There was nesesery to stop the advance of German and Ottumans to India, Iran and the Caucasus. In this regard, Englishmen involved other Allied countries in their programs. General Dunsterville using the Christian forces in protecting the borders of the North-West of Iran, Brought himself to the Caucasus and went to fight the advancing enemy. Great Britain and Christian efforts to prevent the advance of the Ottoman Empire, although it did not win, but because of the end of the war, the Ottoman forces did not take advantage of his victory. The Christians who paid the cost of maintaining British interests and permanently be displaced and homeless.
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Volume 4, . , October 2016, , Pages 52-58
Abstract
This study is aimed at investigating the social, medical, public and personal hygiene evolution during Naserian era. According to the fact that hygiene is one of the most significant concerns, health inevitably depends upon public and personal hygiene and living conditions. One of the most notable social ...
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This study is aimed at investigating the social, medical, public and personal hygiene evolution during Naserian era. According to the fact that hygiene is one of the most significant concerns, health inevitably depends upon public and personal hygiene and living conditions. One of the most notable social obstacles in Iran is transferring corpses to sacred places in Mesopotamia or Iraq during the Ottoman era, to Mashhad and graves of Imamzades during the Qajar era leading to outbreak of epidemic diseases. The establishment of the scientific and public healthcare centres, specially Dar ul-Funun, Iran-Ottoman borderline quarantine centers, Iran-GBR quarantine centers in south Iranian ports, novel medicine centers and the policy of prevention during the late Naserian era nearly reformed the public attitude.
Volume 1, Issue 1 , September 2012, , Pages 66-75
Abstract
Abstract
The Reasons of Foundation of Local Dynasty of Al-e-Mazeh in BukharaIn the year 482 AH the dynasty of Qarakhanid (Al-e-Afrasiyab) that had governed the Mesopotamia since 395 AH, had no way except obeying Sultan Malek Shah Seljuki (465-485AH). At the time that Sultan Sanjar Seljuki (511-552 ...
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Abstract
The Reasons of Foundation of Local Dynasty of Al-e-Mazeh in BukharaIn the year 482 AH the dynasty of Qarakhanid (Al-e-Afrasiyab) that had governed the Mesopotamia since 395 AH, had no way except obeying Sultan Malek Shah Seljuki (465-485AH). At the time that Sultan Sanjar Seljuki (511-552 AH) was the governor of Khorasan (490-511 AH), first he gave the government of Samarqand to his nephew, Mohammad Arsalan Khan (whose father was from the dynasty of Qarakhanid), and after some time he gave the position of chief justice and the city's highest religious authority, along with the head (top) of Bukhara, to brother of his wife, who was a prominent cleric named Abdul Aziz ibn Umar ibn Mazeh. Since mentioned positions were hereditary in the family of Abdul Aziz ibn Umar ibn Mazeh, local dynasties of Al-e-Mazeh (Al-e-Burhan) were established in Bukhara that lasted till the end of Kharazmshahiyan government (490-617 AH). In this study, based on authentic historical sources and studies, using descriptive – analytical method, after a quick look at the dynasty Qarakhanid and their relations with the Seljuk, firstly the different reasons of foundation of the dynasty of Al-e-Mazeh then objectives of Sanjar ibn Malekshah of that action has been studied. In conclusion, according to the data presented in the paper, concerning the dramatic ups and downs in relationships of Seljuks and Qarakhanids, in a general conclusion,the situation of Al-e-Mazeh dynasty in the relationship between the two mentioned governments are shown.
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Volume 3, Issue 3 , February 2015, , Pages 67-92
Abstract
In 20 Muharram of the year 1060 AH / 22 January 1650, the movement against colonial domination ended one hundred and fifty years of Portuguese rule in Oman and the new founded dynasty of Al Ya'arebeh in the shadow of the sea power and the weakness of the central governments, have intensified attacks ...
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In 20 Muharram of the year 1060 AH / 22 January 1650, the movement against colonial domination ended one hundred and fifty years of Portuguese rule in Oman and the new founded dynasty of Al Ya'arebeh in the shadow of the sea power and the weakness of the central governments, have intensified attacks and assaults to the coasts and islands and ports of Iran. Thus, confrontations between the two countries overshadowed the interactions and previous links. In 1744 A.D, Ahmed bin Saeed Abu Saeedi (1783- 1693 AD) with the title of Imam Ahmed bin Saeed was chosen to lead people. This Imamate and Leadership was the beginning of reign of Abu Saeedi's kings that in the 18th and 19th centuries was a vital element in the political, economic and military situation of the Persian Gulf. The confrontation of Imams of Ya'areby dynasty and sultans of Muscat and Oman with the Iranian government and leasing of some of the islands and ports by them are important part of the history of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Examining how the sultans of Al Abu Saeed in the Oman region empowered, their invasions and the domination to the northern shipping lines of the Persian Gulf and the policy of Iranian ruling government in dealing with them is the main objective of this research. In the end the author of the present article hold the belief that the process, power, political and administration centralization and the amount of the Iranian role led it to a difficult challenge in the southern coast during 18-19th centuries A.D.
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Volume 6, . , March 2018, , Pages 67-82
Abstract
Nishabur province has long been one of the most beautiful and lush green areas of eastern Iran, and its remarkable source of water and its prime soil for cultivation has made it one of the most important agricultural areas in Khorasan. Agriculture in Nishabur province experienced one of its most prosperous ...
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Nishabur province has long been one of the most beautiful and lush green areas of eastern Iran, and its remarkable source of water and its prime soil for cultivation has made it one of the most important agricultural areas in Khorasan. Agriculture in Nishabur province experienced one of its most prosperous periods in the 3rd to 6th centuries, although during this period, due to various factors, it has occationally been up and down. The present article describes agriculture in Nishabur province and its various topics around this period, using the descriptive –analytical method, which seeks to explain the agricultural development in the province and the factors affecting it. The result of this study indicates that agriculture in this province peaked during the 3rd ceutury AD, and gradually deteriorated in the next few years due to various factors, reaching its lowest in the 6th century AH
Siamand Khalili; Osman Yousefi
Abstract
Mokrian area has played an important role in the history of the West of Iran, with its ancient and historic works, from prehistoric times. Mokri Emirate was established in the Aq Qoyunglu period by Saifuddin Mokri in the northwest of Iran. With the advent of the Safavid government, the policy of divergence ...
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Mokrian area has played an important role in the history of the West of Iran, with its ancient and historic works, from prehistoric times. Mokri Emirate was established in the Aq Qoyunglu period by Saifuddin Mokri in the northwest of Iran. With the advent of the Safavid government, the policy of divergence of the Emirate Mokri in its interaction with that state began from the time of Sarem Big as the second ruler of this emirate, which was the contemporary of Shah Isma'il I Safavi. This article seeks to investigate the reasons and political relationships between the Emirate Mokri and the Safavid government during the time of Shah Isma'il I, which has so far not done an independent study on the character of Sarem Beg Mokri and his relations with the Safavid regime. The findings of the research show that during the attacks of Shah Isma'il I, Mokrian was primarily due to the development of the political realm of Shah Isma'il in the Azerbaijani region and, secondly, to the effect of his religious policy, which also somehow justifies the same policy integrating and eliminating local governments in Iran, the political relations of Emirate Mokri with the Safavid government were formed. Sarem Beg, to protect his political and governing realms, grew up against the Safavid Shah, and ultimately turned towards the Ottoman state.
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Volume 2, Issue 3 , June 2014, , Pages 75-90
Fatemeh Mokhtari; Asadollah Jodaki Azizi; Seyed Rasool Mousavi Haji
Abstract
The historical center of the city of Bam, known as the Citadel of Bam, is located on the northeast side of the city. Despite the numerous and varied research done so far in the field of archeology and architecture in relation to the structure and landscape of this city in the first centuries of the Islamic ...
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The historical center of the city of Bam, known as the Citadel of Bam, is located on the northeast side of the city. Despite the numerous and varied research done so far in the field of archeology and architecture in relation to the structure and landscape of this city in the first centuries of the Islamic era, there are still important and key questions to which appropriate and concise answers have been given. Not yet. In this research, which is based on the purpose of fundamental research and, by nature and method, a historical research, the main question: What was the landscape of Bam in the early centuries of Islam? The data has been collected in two ways: documentary and fieldwork. The results of this research show that the city of Bam in the early islamic centuries had three parts: Arg (Citadel), Sharestan (the main part of the city) and Rabaz (suburb(.During this period,Arg- e Bam (the citadel of Bam) was the central core of surrounded by a four-gate enclusure. The Rabaz, was not enclosed and two rivers to the north and south have physically separated a large part of it from thebody of Sharestan. The natural barriers that existed in the north and east of the city of Bam caused the city to expand in the south and west. The approximate area of Sharestan was 260 hectares and the total area of the city (Rabaz, gardens and farms) was over 900 hectares and the city had three mosques, one within Arg (the Citadel) and the other two in Sharestan.
Zahra nadi; Mohsen Beheshtiseresht; Zekrolah Mohammadi; Bagherali Adelfar
Volume 6, . , March 2018, , Pages 79-92
Abstract
The growth of capitalism in Iran and the dependence on the world market in the nineteenth century led to various spheres of economic and social in country influenced by the developments of the West and the global system during this period. This dependency also changed the agricultural sector as well ...
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The growth of capitalism in Iran and the dependence on the world market in the nineteenth century led to various spheres of economic and social in country influenced by the developments of the West and the global system during this period. This dependency also changed the agricultural sector as well and led to the growth of commercial agriculture. In this research, It has been tried to use the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the theory of dependent development and the use of archival documents, to be answered to this question that What is the effect of growing commercial agriculture on land ownership system in Mazandaran? After reviewing and analyzing data and documents, this result was obtained that the growth of commercial agriculture has led to the importance of land and land management profitability and the cultivation of monetary products in nineteenth-century in Iran. This led to the tendency of the non-temperate classes of society, including traders, government officials and even foreigners to own land and agriculture. These people joined to the landowner class of the community to purchasing multiple lands and provided the ground for the expansion of private property and the master's Relationship. The growing need for arable land and the desire to expand personal property, Led to some action to lease land and even capture forcible of farmers' lands and minor owners of local that this issue, as the new landlord develops in Mazandaran, led to the landless many native farmers.
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Volume 5, . , March 2017, , Pages 81-96
Abstract
The origin of the Naghshbandiyeh was Transoxiana and Khorasan and from these centers found its way into other regions, including Kurdistan province which this important measure was taken by Mawlana Khaled Shahrzouri. Why and how the Ouraman sheikhs (sufi authorities) influenced among the public ...
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The origin of the Naghshbandiyeh was Transoxiana and Khorasan and from these centers found its way into other regions, including Kurdistan province which this important measure was taken by Mawlana Khaled Shahrzouri. Why and how the Ouraman sheikhs (sufi authorities) influenced among the public and their role in the political developments of the 20th century AD. is the focus of the present study. The sheikhs and dignitaries of the sufi sects in Kurdistan, particularly Naghshbandiyeh, due to the people’s support as well as through removing the local rules power were in line with increasing their political social influence in various fields. The political influence of the Ouraman sheikhs during the Qajar period, especially during and after the Constitutional Revolution was increased. With the outbreak of World War I, they issued order for jihad against the Russians and the United Kingdom, and they were encouraged to fight against the two aforesaid governments by the recruiting of disciples and followers. Generally speaking, the political activity of the Naghshbandi sect, particularly the Ouraman sheikhs reached its zenith during the Qajar era.
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Volume 2, Issue 4 , November 2014, , Pages 84-98
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Volume 3, Issue 6 , October 2015, , Pages 84-97
Abstract
Uraman as one of the dependent areas of Ardalan in the course of Naseri era was the scene of widespread riots that nearly a decade governors of Ardalan and later Qajar rulers were busy with it and choosing non-native governors and tax pressures had a significant role in the formation of the uprising. ...
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Uraman as one of the dependent areas of Ardalan in the course of Naseri era was the scene of widespread riots that nearly a decade governors of Ardalan and later Qajar rulers were busy with it and choosing non-native governors and tax pressures had a significant role in the formation of the uprising. More resources of Qajar period, except a few of a handful of local resources, did not refer to that unrest event. Hence, this paper is to identify and study new grounds in the insurgency, as well as a study of the political, social and economic development of rebellion and its continuity. This study seeks to answer two questions. First, what factors caused riots of Uraman? And the second question is what consequences did Uraman riots have? In response to the first question the hypothesis that can be considered is lack of supervision of the central government on governors' tributary, also economic problems and the presence of non-native governors, attracted the masses to the leaders of the rebellion, It should be noted in the description of the second hypothesis, that the impact of the riots on relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire led to unrest and clashes and those conflicts changed relations and political relations between the two governments. It should be mentioned that the results of this study confirm the hypothesis. Research methods were based on the theoretical and analytical approach and the library method has been used to collect necessary information and data.
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2013, , Pages 89-104
Shayan Karami; Daryoush Rahmanian
Abstract
Kermanshah was one of the most densely populated areas of royal property in the period of Qajar and First Pahlavi. The main issue of this paper is the clarify of why and how of the form of the royal ownership and the consequences of this type of ownership, on the farming of the Kermanshah region during ...
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Kermanshah was one of the most densely populated areas of royal property in the period of Qajar and First Pahlavi. The main issue of this paper is the clarify of why and how of the form of the royal ownership and the consequences of this type of ownership, on the farming of the Kermanshah region during the first Pahlavi period. The main purpose of the paper is to explain the causes and factors of the emergence and appearance of the royal estate in Kermanshah, during the first Pahlavi period. The present research approach is qualitative. The data were collected from library and library resources based on purposeful sampling and they were analyzed using grounded theory. The findings of the research showed that the main causes and factors were as the following: "Ancient Perspective of Ideology," "The collapse of the Islamic system", "Forces", "Modern system of modernity" and "Basic principles of agriculture", in the formation of the phenomenon of royal property in Kermanshah. The main results and implications of the phenomenon of royal estates in Kermanshah include: changing the pattern of agricultural and commercial development, establishing agricultural schools and specialized knowledge of land exploitation, establishing Shahabad sugar mill (Islamabad), Damming, developing irrigation network and agricultural mechanization.
