Iran Local Histories
Farideh Farahmandzadeh
Abstract
Authoritative and vertical reforms were repeated throughout the Qajar period; because the "Eslaahaat" of Abbas Mirza the Crown Prince as the origin of modernism in the contemporary period did not reach the desired outcome. As the seat of the crown prince, Azerbaijan was the starting point and a model ...
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Authoritative and vertical reforms were repeated throughout the Qajar period; because the "Eslaahaat" of Abbas Mirza the Crown Prince as the origin of modernism in the contemporary period did not reach the desired outcome. As the seat of the crown prince, Azerbaijan was the starting point and a model for implementing reforms. Apart from the general obstacles, the specific characteristics of Azerbaijan also affected the process of modernization. It refers to the challenges that were not only related to the local culture and social relations of Azerbaijan, but also expressed the level of political knowledge and concerns of the Dar al-Sultaneh courtiers. The purpose of this research is to clarify the nature of these challenges and prove the hypothesis that the lack of examination of the local status as well as the structural irregularity in providing the theoretical framework caused the partial failure of Abbas Mirza's reforms in Azerbaijan. According to the findings, due to the lack of creating an organization that follows the codified logical mechanism which only concerned with the popular interests, the efforts of the crown prince and his companions in Tabriz were almost stopped with his death. However, what the crown prince started in Azerbaijan became the model for the subsequent modernist movements throughout the Qajar era. The approach of this research is analytical and it was done based on the main sources in the library method.
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Iran Local Histories
fatemeh chegini; Bagher Ali Adel far
Abstract
The Safavid dynasty came to power with the help of the Turkic Ghazalbash of Asia Minor, but with the passage of time, non-Turkish clans were also able to play a role in the new political system. Meanwhile, some Kurdish clans were noticed by the Safavid kings. The present study examines the history of ...
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The Safavid dynasty came to power with the help of the Turkic Ghazalbash of Asia Minor, but with the passage of time, non-Turkish clans were also able to play a role in the new political system. Meanwhile, some Kurdish clans were noticed by the Safavid kings. The present study examines the history of the presence and residence of the Chegini Kurdish tribe in some areas of Khorasan; That is, the area that was not the main residence of the Kurdish people. Contrary to what is often thought, the presence of Kurds in parts of Khorasan region is not limited to the reign of Shah Abbas I (1038-996 AH), but before that, some Kurdish clans had migrated to Khorasan, which until now has received less attention. has been The current research is trying to look at the roots of the migration of Chegini Kurdish tribe and the quality of their presence in the political and social levels of Khorasan during the Safavid era. The results of this research indicate that there is a significant relationship between the role of the Cheginis in power and their reflection in the field of historical writings, so that during the period of lack of power, the name of the clan is rarely seen in the sources, and during the peak of Cheginis power We often see their presence in historical sources, and therefore, the presence and absence of a tribe in its sources can indicate historical developments..
Iran Local Histories
زهرا ghalavand; fatemeh ghalavand
Abstract
Khuzestan was considered one of the country's important economic regions between 1925 and 1941. Accordingly, preventing infectious diseases from entering the country from the borders made it more necessary to address the health situation in this region. This research used a historical method and descriptive-analytical ...
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Khuzestan was considered one of the country's important economic regions between 1925 and 1941. Accordingly, preventing infectious diseases from entering the country from the borders made it more necessary to address the health situation in this region. This research used a historical method and descriptive-analytical approach library and documentary studies, to examine the health and treatment situation in Khuzestan and the sub-set of organizations responsible for health and treatment under the General Health Administration in this region during the first Pahlavi period. The research results indicate that Khuzestan's border location, city pollution, and bad weather were pathogenic factors in Khuzestan. Also, with the start of the oil company's work and the increase in foreign travel and immigration to Khuzestan, the risk of infectious diseases in this area increased. As a result, this area needed a lot of healthcare services. However, by examining the healthcare services of the first Pahlavi period in Khuzestan, it is clear that while the services provided by the Health Department in the area of infectious disease control were relatively good, the number of clinics in Khuzestan was not adequate, considering its population. The cleaning and improvement of the city, which was the municipality's responsibility, was also inadequate.
Iran Local Histories
Parvin BeigMohammadi; Mohammad reza Alam; Ali Ghasemi
Abstract
At the beginning of the Pahlavi dynasty, public health and medical conditions in Khuzestan were poor in various aspects, including access to clean drinking water, prevalence and treatment of diseases, personal and public hygiene, medical facilities, and health awareness. This research adopts a historical ...
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At the beginning of the Pahlavi dynasty, public health and medical conditions in Khuzestan were poor in various aspects, including access to clean drinking water, prevalence and treatment of diseases, personal and public hygiene, medical facilities, and health awareness. This research adopts a historical methodology with a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on library resources, documents, and publications, to answer its central question: How did the health and medical conditions in Khuzestan’s cities—such as Ahvaz, Abadan, Khorramshahr, Shushtar, Dezful, Masjed Soleiman, and Behbahan—change during Reza Shah’s era compared to the Qajar period?The results show that despite some health and medical measures implemented during the early Pahlavi period—including the establishment of new medical centers, enforcement of health regulations, mass vaccination, supervision of medical staff, construction of sanitary facilities (e.g., laundries, mortuaries, irrigation systems), paving and asphalting of streets, and promotion of personal and public hygiene awareness—the health and medical conditions in Khuzestan’s cities remained unsatisfactory. However, with the gradual continuation of these measures until the late Reza Shah era, relative progress was achieved in the region’s health and medical structure compared to the Qajar period.Nevertheless, due to challenges such as incorrect health and medical beliefs among the population, insufficient funding, and the lack or absence of essential health institutions (e.g., hospitals, medical staff, and public health departments) in some cities, health and medical problems in Khuzestan persisted.
Iran Local Histories
faride bavaryan; Ahmad Asadollahi Gazar
Abstract
During the Qajar era, eastern Iran was an important arena for the direct presence of foreigners in the international relations arena, due to its special strategic location, the autonomy of its ruling families, and the weakness of the central government there. One of the most influential figures in this ...
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During the Qajar era, eastern Iran was an important arena for the direct presence of foreigners in the international relations arena, due to its special strategic location, the autonomy of its ruling families, and the weakness of the central government there. One of the most influential figures in this region at the end of this period was "Shaukat al-Mulk II" (1881-1944 AD). A person who was known during his reign for collaborating with the British and establishing the most extensive relations with them. The present study has examined the nature of these relationships and positions using library, documentary, and interview sources, as well as the historical method and descriptive-analytical approach. The main question of this research is: "What were Shaukat al-Mulk Alam's relations with the British in the province of Qaynat and what effects did these relations have on this region?". But based on the main question, the findings of the research are: Shaukat al-Molk, aware of the weakness of the Qajars, established friendly relations with the British during his reign to maintain his leadership and stabilize his position, and made eastern Iran a safe base for them. However, these friendly relations in regional affairs led to weakness and decline in various matters, especially in economic matters, and led to the spread of social discontent..
Iran Local Histories
Yaser Mollazaei
Abstract
During the reign of the Safavid’s Iran, a new chapter in Iran-Europe relations was established in various political, economic, and cultural dimensions. The collection of geographical information about Iran by Europeans was one of the most significant outcomes of the expanding relations between ...
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During the reign of the Safavid’s Iran, a new chapter in Iran-Europe relations was established in various political, economic, and cultural dimensions. The collection of geographical information about Iran by Europeans was one of the most significant outcomes of the expanding relations between Iran and Europe during this historical period. This effort not only appeared in written records but also manifested in the production of geographical maps. Olearius's travelogue about Iran, including a geographical map of Iran appended to it, is one of the most prominent examples of European efforts to acquire geographical knowledge about Safavid’s Iran. In this geographical map, alongside references to various human and natural phenomena, a natural feature named "Lake Babacamber" was located in the northern part of the Khorasan province. In this context, the central question of the article is: What is the historical origin of the name Babacamber attributed to a lake in Khorasan, and why did Olearius use this name to identify the lake? This research aimed to answer this question through a library-based approach, employing a comparative and analytical method to examine historical and geographical data reflected in local chronicles, lesser-known manuscripts, historical maps, geographical writings, literary works, historiography, and European geographical encyclopedias. This article's assessment reveals that although the location of the lake on Olearius's map encounters minor discrepancies, a comparative and analytical approach shows that the lake in question is indeed Saryqamysh Lake, located between the Khwarezm Lake and the Caspian Sea. Olearius chose the name Baba Qanbar for it. Comparing Olearius's chosen name with a range of historical sources, including local chronicles, lesser-known manuscripts, historical maps, geographical writings, literary works, historiography, and European geographical encyclopedias, demonstrates that the name Baba Qanbar on Olearius’s map refers to one of the servants and attendants of Imam Ali (AS), named Qanbar, who, along with his descendants, lived in Khorasan for some time. According to historical evidence, Qanbar and his descendants gained significant social status in Khorasan, to the point that some mosques in Khorasan were named after Qanbar and his family. Due to Qanbar's religious and social stature, his name found its way into various historical, literary, and religious texts. A prominent example of this is the addition of the Sufi prefix "Baba" to his name, which is even reflected in Olearius's map. Because of Qanbar's social and religious fame in Khorasan, it provided a basis for cartographers like Adam Olearius to name the lake in the northern part of Khorasan province Baba Qanbar.
Iran Local Histories
doostali sanchooli
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad, known as Ibn al-Asha'th (died 85 AH), was a prominent political and military figure during the Umayyad Caliphate. He was first sent to the Emirate of Sistan by al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Shaqafi at the head of a large and well-equipped army in recognition of his ...
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A B S T R A C T
Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad, known as Ibn al-Asha'th (died 85 AH), was a prominent political and military figure during the Umayyad Caliphate. He was first sent to the Emirate of Sistan by al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Shaqafi at the head of a large and well-equipped army in recognition of his services to the Umayyads, in order to suppress rebellions, consolidate the authority of the Umayyad government, and eliminate its threats. After stopping the war in the territory of Ratbil and angering Hajjaj over this, he changed his political stance towards the Umayyads and joined their opposition. In this research, which was conducted using a historical method and relying on library resources, the causes and consequences of the people of Sistan supporting Ibn Ash'ath in the fight against the Umayyads were examined and analyzed, and an attempt was made to answer the main question: What were the most important reasons for the people of Sistan supporting Ibn Ash'ath in the fight against the Umayyads, and what were the effects and consequences? It seems that the oppression and tyranny of the Umayyad rulers towards the people of Sistan, the violation of Islamic values, racial discrimination and humiliation of the people, the opposition of scholars and Shiites to the Umayyad Caliphate, and the imposition of huge financial and human costs in that region are among the most important political, social, cultural, and economic causes that provoked the people of Sistan against the Umayyads. Although these struggles apparently resulted in defeat, they further revealed the anti-Islamic nature of the Umayyad rule and dealt a fatal blow to the body of their government. Of course, after that, with the establishment of peace on the eastern borders of Sistan, the financial and human costs for the people of the region were reduced.
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Iran Local Histories
Azam Foolad-Panah; Javad Arabani
Abstract
A B S T R A C TThe American missionaries of the Congregationalist sect were the first American missionary group to introduce the Iranian community to America in the early 19th century. For some reason, the missionaries of this sect gave way to the Presbyterian missionaries in Iran in 1870 AD/1286 AH, ...
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A B S T R A C TThe American missionaries of the Congregationalist sect were the first American missionary group to introduce the Iranian community to America in the early 19th century. For some reason, the missionaries of this sect gave way to the Presbyterian missionaries in Iran in 1870 AD/1286 AH, and they were able to attract the attention of the Iranian community through educational, cultural, and health measures. The Presbyterian mission activities during the Qajar period faced numerous challenges, including the Kurds, who created obstacles in their way. This paper attempts to answer the question of why and how the Kurds hindered the missionary activities of the American missionaries in Iran. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, attempts to address the role of the Kurds in creating obstacles to the activities of the American Mission in Iran during the Qajar era. The hypothesis of the present research is based on the fact that the negative confrontations of the Kurds with the Christians of western Iran led to rebellions, murders, and insecurity in these regions, and in the meantime, the missionaries' support for the Christians faced them with various challenges from the Kurds. The research findings show that the American Mission's efforts to support the Christians of western Iran forced them to interact with the Kurds, but the xenophobia of the Kurds and the efforts that the Mission made to Christianize them after the defeat of the Sheikh Ubeydullah rebellion created numerous challenges for the Mission.
Iran Local Histories
habibollah saeedinia; Mojtaba Mohamadi
Abstract
Bushehr Nazmia was one of the modern institutions in the first Pahlavi government, which the then government used to establish its dominance and influence in Bushehr. Although the task of establishing order and security and providing order to the affairs of the citizens was initially the responsibility ...
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Bushehr Nazmia was one of the modern institutions in the first Pahlavi government, which the then government used to establish its dominance and influence in Bushehr. Although the task of establishing order and security and providing order to the affairs of the citizens was initially the responsibility of the Bushehr government and the sheriff, but with the establishment of Nazmia, a new order in the field of control and supervision of public order and dealing with various laws and crimes in the four neighborhoods of the city and the surrounding areas. It happened. This research seeks to address the role and influence of the Bushehr order in establishing order and security. The research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources and archival documents. The results of the research show that the Bushehr order and its first leaders in the years At the beginning of the activity, they were faced with various problems and dilemmas, such as the lack of adequate budget and financial resources to provide the military force, as well as the failures of the Bushehr Sheriff and other related organizations in monitoring the city, but over time, with the stabilization and definition of the place of order in the police affairs of Bushehr, by the central government, it was able to establish order and security in its defense area and, despite the weakness and indecisiveness of its human force, to a large extent, it improved urban security and order in Bushehr.
Iran Local Histories
Seyed Reza Hosseini
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
As the most prominent city in the Kohgiluyeh region (located in southwestern Iran), “Deh Dasht” has always maintained a geographical and historical connection with the southeastern parts of Khuzestan (particularly the city of Behbahan), throughout its centuries-long history. ...
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A B S T R A C T
As the most prominent city in the Kohgiluyeh region (located in southwestern Iran), “Deh Dasht” has always maintained a geographical and historical connection with the southeastern parts of Khuzestan (particularly the city of Behbahan), throughout its centuries-long history. Despite Deh Dasht’s strategic importance and its decisive role in certain political developments in southwestern Iran in recent centuries, no dedicated research has been conducted on its coinage history and there is no reference to the activity of Deh Dasht Mint during the Islamic era in most numismatic sources. However, 9 extremely rare coins from the mentioned mint were recently discovered, all dating back to the first half of the “Safavid Era” (AH 907–1135), and introduced by a specialized website. This author seeks to adopt a descriptive-analytical approach to introduce these coins and elucidate their main characteristics to highlight the significance of Deh Dasht Mint and the reasons for its operation during part of the tenth century AH. According to our findings, the mentioned coins are silver, weighing approximately one mithqal, with a nominal value of “Two Shahies” (= one Mahmudi), and were minted in AH 949, coinciding with the mid-reign of “Shah Tahmasp I”. Historical evidence suggests that these coins were produced around the time of the quashing of the Then-Governor of Dezful when Safavid troops were deployed near Kohgiluyeh. As the principal city of the region, Deh Dasht was an optimal location for establishing a temporary mint to supply part of the monetary needs of the King’s army. Consequently, a number of highest-value silver Safavid coins were struck in the township of Kohgiluyeh. The inscriptions on these coins, written in Naskh script, include “The name of the Reigning King,” “The names of the Imams” (Peace be upon them), and the “Triple Shahada” (testimonies) or solely “Ali Wali Allah”. Thus, in addition to their monetary function, these coins also served to announce the reassertion of Safavid Shiite Sovereignty over the southwestern regions of Iran.
Iran Local Histories
Fatemeh Faridi Majid
Abstract
The subject of this study is the MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR (Transoxiana), one of the key Islamic lands, in Islamic maps from the ninth to the sixteenth century. Maps are known as important documents for understanding the political system and land divisions in historical periods, and Muslims were able to leave ...
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The subject of this study is the MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR (Transoxiana), one of the key Islamic lands, in Islamic maps from the ninth to the sixteenth century. Maps are known as important documents for understanding the political system and land divisions in historical periods, and Muslims were able to leave a rich source of scientific data during the 8th to 16th centuries with accurate geographical scientific texts and updated maps. The research focuses on the representation of MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR in these maps, the extent of cities, natural situations and related concepts. Using the method of historical research and analysis of thirteen linear maps in the archives of Iran and Saudi Arabia, the researcher has tried to provide matches between the locations of the maps and their current positions. These matches are especially important in identifying the location of some cities that were lost for various reasons or were placed in wrong places. The research findings, with the aim of identifying places and determining their correct positions, help to introduce the content of important map documents and the contribution of Muslim and Iranian cartographers to the scientific and geographical heritage. This study not only adds to the wealth of geographical knowledge, but also allows researchers to have a better understanding of the historical and geographical developments of this land and to better understand the role of MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR in the history of Islam.
Iran Local Histories
yadolah arsalani; Abolfazl Razavi; badrosadat alizademoghadam; Yazdan Farrokhi
Abstract
The Murshidiya was founded in the 4th century of Hijri in Kazeroon by Sheikh Abu Ishaq (d. 426 AH). This doctrine paid special attention to trade, according to the teachings, the ruling attitude of monastic centers and its strategic and geographical location of bio-ecosystem. The present article aims ...
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The Murshidiya was founded in the 4th century of Hijri in Kazeroon by Sheikh Abu Ishaq (d. 426 AH). This doctrine paid special attention to trade, according to the teachings, the ruling attitude of monastic centers and its strategic and geographical location of bio-ecosystem. The present article aims to examine the nature and strategy of Murshidiya’s commercial activities in the Timurid period and the contexts and consequences of the commercial life of the followers of this doctrine, taking into account their relations with the ruling political system. It tries to answer the question that what was the influence of the monastic and service network of devotees, the strategic position and business prosperity in the living areas of Murshidiya, in addition to strengthening the business beliefs among the followers of this doctrine in the pursuit of business and the prosperity of business activities. It was carried out with a descriptive-analytical approach. The result shows that due to the commercial position of Kazeroon, the intersection of commercial routes and the access to the Persian Gulf, Sheikh Abu Ishaq’s holiness, commercial teachings in Murshidiya’s teachings, providing intermediate services to merchants and travelers and needys, as well as the government's attention to doctrines in this era, have been the important factors in the prosperity of business among the followers of this doctrine and, accordingly, the Timurid era.
Iran Local Histories
abbasali ahmadi; Alireza Enteshari Najafabadi
Abstract
Most of the palaces of Iran's Islamic period belonged to later periods, and there are few remains of the palaces of the early Islamic centuries. Considering this deficiency and in the absence of archeological excavations, this research aims to explore and recognise the palaces and gardens of the early ...
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Most of the palaces of Iran's Islamic period belonged to later periods, and there are few remains of the palaces of the early Islamic centuries. Considering this deficiency and in the absence of archeological excavations, this research aims to explore and recognise the palaces and gardens of the early Islamic centuries of Isfahan, as one of the important centers of Iranian civilization between the first and 5th centuries of Hijri. It has been carried out by using historical sources and some contemporary researches and it tries to examine the situation of Isfahan in terms government buildings and noble palaces and gardens and identity their owners and location. The results showed that many palaces were built in Isfahan in the early Islamic centuries. They are divided into two categories: government palaces and gardens and private palaces and gardens. Since the first until third century of Hijri, government examples belonged to arab rulers and private examples mainly belonged to arab nobles. In the 4th and early 5th centuries of Hijri, with the selection of Isfahan as one of Al-e-Bouyeh's government centers, government and private palaces were mainly given to the members of this family. Although the change of the urban center of Isfahan from Jey to Yahudiyeh during the studied centuries, led to a change in the place of government examples; however, palaces and private gardens were built in both time periods, mainly on the edge of the river and the coast of Zayandehrud..
Iran Local Histories
mohammad shoormeij; Fatemeh Rahmatpoor
Abstract
TThe current research aimed to investigat the impact of Pahlavi period historical monuments in Ramsar city on the growth and sustainable development of tourism. It has been done by using historical sources and field and questionnaire methods. According to the information and statistics obtained from ...
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TThe current research aimed to investigat the impact of Pahlavi period historical monuments in Ramsar city on the growth and sustainable development of tourism. It has been done by using historical sources and field and questionnaire methods. According to the information and statistics obtained from the questionnaires distributed among the native community in the second half of 1401 and interviews with competent persons, it can be concluded that along with the natural attractions of Ramsar, the beautiful and attractive historical buildings of the Pahlavi period, have increased the tourists’ stay time in the city and has become a factor for creating employment and earning income for the local community. The findings of the research show that the annual increase in the arrival of tourists to Ramsar has a direct relationship with the historical monuments of this city. The native community of the region also supports cultural-historical tourism and in case of principled planning and legal and efficient management in the maintenance and restoration of historical monuments, it will become a sustainable tourism, that its important result is the creation of employment for the young generation and earning more income for the tradesmen, the market and the indigenous people of the region.
Iran Local Histories
Hamidreza Peighambari; Hossein Badamchi
Abstract
In the late third millennium BCE, the Persian Gulf and its surrounding regions—particularly Dilmun, Marḫaši, Magan, and Meluḫḫa —gained significant prominence in the royal inscriptions, economic records, and literary texts of Mesopotamia. These sources highlight the wealth and ...
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In the late third millennium BCE, the Persian Gulf and its surrounding regions—particularly Dilmun, Marḫaši, Magan, and Meluḫḫa —gained significant prominence in the royal inscriptions, economic records, and literary texts of Mesopotamia. These sources highlight the wealth and power of the region’s inhabitants and underscore the establishment of dynamic trade networks, alongside efforts to exert control over these areas. This research, conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, aims first to outline the historical geography of the region. By analyzing historical documents alongside archaeological evidence, it explores then the factors behind the region's renown and strategic importance. The findings indicate that terrestrial trade routes became increasingly unsafe and disrupted during this period due to ongoing wars and hostilities between Mesopotamia, Elam, and their allies. Consequently, merchants shifted to maritime trade routes to access goods from the Iranian plateau and the Indus Valley. Despite the challenges and dangers of seafaring, the significant economic advantages it offered drew the interest of Sumerian and Akkadian rulers. This study concludes that the wealth and fame of these intermediary regions stemmed largely from their pivotal role in facilitating Persian Gulf trade.
Iran Local Histories
masoumeh hanifeh; Mohammad Amir Sheikhnouri
Abstract
The Gilan region, positioned as a bridge between Iran and its northern neighbors, has always been susceptible to modernizing influences. The modernization of women in Gilan gained momentum following the Constitutional Revolution and the subsequent establishment of girls' schools. This process further ...
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The Gilan region, positioned as a bridge between Iran and its northern neighbors, has always been susceptible to modernizing influences. The modernization of women in Gilan gained momentum following the Constitutional Revolution and the subsequent establishment of girls' schools. This process further accelerated with the emergence of women's societies in Rasht, notably the "Peyk Sa’adat Nesvan Society," managed by Roshanak No’doust and active from 1300 to 1310 (Iranian calendar). The question arises as to what impact the Peyk Sa'adat Nesvan magazine had on the cultural and social life of Rasht women? The findings suggest that the magazine aimed to foster self-confidence among women, promote modern education, and combat societal injustices. The analysis employs historical methodologies and descriptive-analytical approaches. Utilizing articles from the magazine, archival materials, and library resources, the study examines key indicators including education, maternal health, employment, and marriage. .
Iran Local Histories
Mahmood Sadeghi Alavi
Abstract
Imamzadeh Ali Ibn Bagher is one of the most famous Imamzadehs of Kashan region that despite his fame and importance, not much scientific historical research has been done on him. Diwan Abulreza Ravandi is one of the oldest written sources that provides researchers useful information about him and can ...
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Imamzadeh Ali Ibn Bagher is one of the most famous Imamzadehs of Kashan region that despite his fame and importance, not much scientific historical research has been done on him. Diwan Abulreza Ravandi is one of the oldest written sources that provides researchers useful information about him and can be studied as a historical document. Analytical investigation of Ravandi's references to the imamzadeh in various poems is the issue of interest in this research. By analyzing the historical data of Rawandi in relation to Ali Ibn Bagher in the three areas of lineage, tomb and age, as well as some hadiths attributed to the imamzadeh’s place of martyrdom, we can conclude that apparently in the sixth century, the attribution of the imamzadeh to Imam Bagher was very famous. Also, Imamzadeh’s shrine was rebuilt during this period and his place of martyrdom which is known Mashhad Ardahal, was known only as Barkers or Barkersef Mashhad and probably as a result of the urban development of the contemporary period, it became famous as Ardahal. It is worth mentioning that about some hadiths mentioned in this regard, we should reflect more.
Iran Local Histories
Saleh Amipour; abdollah sajedi; jamal khosravi
Abstract
In the early Islamic centuries, Barzeh was a district, a place and a stage on the way from "Dinevar" to "Maragheh" and was located in Azarbaijan province. Due to the great importance of Azarbaijan, many sources have introduced its different regions and made brief references to some regions. One of these ...
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In the early Islamic centuries, Barzeh was a district, a place and a stage on the way from "Dinevar" to "Maragheh" and was located in Azarbaijan province. Due to the great importance of Azarbaijan, many sources have introduced its different regions and made brief references to some regions. One of these areas is Barzeh. At first, this area was one of the nearby District, and then with the addition of several villages, it became a new District. Muslim Arabs settled in this District and made it prosperous and famous. The name of Barzeh was mentioned in the sources until the Seljuk period, and after that, for unknown reasons, it disappeared. The current research seeks to investigate, identify and locate the Brazeh District. In this research, first-hand sources including historical sources, Masalik and Mamalik books and other early centuries Islamic books as well as research sources and new researches have been used. This research aims to answer the question, which point is Barzeh mentioned in the early Islamic centuries? And which area is it compatible with today? According to the review of the sources, comparing the maps and calculating the mentioned distances, the results of the research indicate that Barzeh can be compared with the current city of Saqez in Kurdistan province. This descriptive and analytical article has been done in a library method using slips extracted from first-hand historical and geographical sources and other reference books and geographical maps.
Iran Local Histories
Amirhossein Hatami
Abstract
Qazvin in recent centuries, especially from the Safavid period onwards has always been influenced by important political, social and economic developments due to its special geographical and historical location. These developments have affected all aspects of urban life, especially the population. Therefore, ...
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Qazvin in recent centuries, especially from the Safavid period onwards has always been influenced by important political, social and economic developments due to its special geographical and historical location. These developments have affected all aspects of urban life, especially the population. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to analyze and study these changes by explaining the most important components affecting demographic changes. Based on the findings, demographic changes in Qazvin have been directly related to general developments in the country. In fact, a set of factors such as political factor (the transfer of the capital to and from Qazvin), social factor (different ethnic-tribal groups’ displacement), military factor (multiple wars), economic factor (economic boom or recession) and natural factors (disease and earthquake) have caused the most demographic changes in Qazvin.
Iran Local Histories
Mohammadreza Alam; Sajad Papi
Abstract
Bakhtiari clan and its khans made many political-military activities to get political power during the periods of Afsharid and Zand. One of the first activities is Alimoradkhan Mamivand’s uprising. This is the first uprising that happened in Iran after Nadershah's coronation. In 1148 A.H., Alimoradkhan ...
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Bakhtiari clan and its khans made many political-military activities to get political power during the periods of Afsharid and Zand. One of the first activities is Alimoradkhan Mamivand’s uprising. This is the first uprising that happened in Iran after Nadershah's coronation. In 1148 A.H., Alimoradkhan raised up in the Middle Zagros region to remove Nadershah and return the monarchy to the Safavid dynasty. Although this uprising failed quickly, but it had important consequences in Bakhtiari region. This research, with an analytical approach, answers the basic questions: what were the grounds of Alimoradkhan's uprising and what were its consequences? The data show that Alimoradkhan raised up a great uprising in the Middle Zagros region by using Bakhtiari warriors present in Nadershah's army dissatisfaction, the people's tendency to Safavid dynasty, the Bakhtiari mountainous region, and finally the people's dissatisfaction about the economic pressures of the Afsharid government. The most important consequences of this unsuccessful and short-lived uprising were extensive losses of life and property damages to the people of the Middle Zagros region, the deportation of more than 10,000 Bakhtiari nomads to Khorasan, and planning for the widespread presence of the Bakhtiari in Nadershah's subsequent conquests, especially the conquest of Kandahar. .
Iran Local Histories
Yosef Elahi; NASIRY MOHAMAD REZA; Hossein Hozhabrian
Abstract
Education is one of the important elements in the formation and development of civilizations, and the transmission of cultural teachings and concepts, which involves many factors in its rise and fall. During the Qajar era, educational institutions and religious schools developped in the country, especially ...
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Education is one of the important elements in the formation and development of civilizations, and the transmission of cultural teachings and concepts, which involves many factors in its rise and fall. During the Qajar era, educational institutions and religious schools developped in the country, especially in Mazandaran that its clear example is Asefiyeh school in Barforoosh. This article aims to answer this question: what factors have influenced the rise and fall of the activities of the religious school of Asefiyeh Barforoosh (present Babol) through a descriptive-analytical approach relying on historical sources and revisiting endowment and other documents. The objective has been to identify influential factors on the foundation, evolution, and decline of that school. The hypothesis relies on the point that besides Mirza Mohammad Shafie Mazandarani's support, political, cultural, and social changes occurred in Mazandaran after him, especially in Barforoosh, had a significant impact on the rise and fall of this school activities. .
Iran Local Histories
mahla najarian tousi; Hassan Hashemi Zarjabad; Abed taghavi
Abstract
Because coins are available to everyone to use in trade, their analysis and comparison can help us better understand some historical ambiguities during the reign of Shah Ismail and the role of Great Khorasan as one of the important states with a high distribution of mints. Mints which represented the ...
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Because coins are available to everyone to use in trade, their analysis and comparison can help us better understand some historical ambiguities during the reign of Shah Ismail and the role of Great Khorasan as one of the important states with a high distribution of mints. Mints which represented the economic power of the government, were established in cities by economic, political, military and communication importance. Political changes had a direct effect on determining the weight of coins in a mint. This research aimed to study the weight and diameter of coins and investigate the economic situation in Greater Khorasan. Because the weight of coins is valuable in socio-economic discussions. Therefore, this descriptive-analytical article using the historical method and study of numismatics and Khorasan mints, tries to answer this question: what are the effective factors in the extreme changes in the weight of coins in the period of 916-928 A.H. (1510-1522 A.D.) The results show that political and economic events affected the minting of coins, and the government prevented inflation and established economic balance in trade affairs by decreasing and increasing the weight of coins. .
Iran Local Histories
hasan rostami
Abstract
The culture of endowment has long held great importance among various classes of Iranians; however, the lands and properties endowed have occasionally been subject to misuse and exploitation by different groups. In the Khamsa region (Zanjan), the extent of endowments and the status of the endowed properties ...
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The culture of endowment has long held great importance among various classes of Iranians; however, the lands and properties endowed have occasionally been subject to misuse and exploitation by different groups. In the Khamsa region (Zanjan), the extent of endowments and the status of the endowed properties were unclear until the late Qajar period. During the Constitutional Revolution, with the establishment of the Ministry of Education, Endowments, and Luxury Industries, the issue of reviewing and overseeing endowments began. However, in various regions, including Khamsa, objections were raised by the endowers. This trend continued during the reign of Reza Shah. The main research question in this study is: Considering the status of the endowments in the Khamsa region, what challenges and constraints did the Endowment Institution of Khamsa face? Based on initial findings, part of the endowments in Zanjan during the Qajar era were subject to misuse. In the Reza Shah period, under the leadership of Etezad Razani, the process of reviewing the files began. Despite the initial ups and downs and certain shortcomings, such as a lack of financial and human resources, with the support of the ministry and the diligence of the officials, the situation of the endowments was partially organized, and several important cases were completed. Nevertheless, the government’s actions caused instability in the position and functions of the endowment institution. Although these actions were effective in reforming some processes and organizing matters related to endowments, in reality, the management of a large number of endowment properties was taken over by the government, either under the title of unknown trustees or by claiming the non-compliance of the trustees—an action that conflicted with the intentions of the founders. This study, utilizing library resources and articles, focuses on documents from various organizations and families, using a historical method and a descriptive-explanatory approach to the subject.
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Iran Local Histories
Mohammad Bakhtiari
Abstract
Abstract Qazvin is one of the cities that were occupied by the allies in both world wars. During the Second World War, the forces of all three countries, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were present in this city, and Qazvin was used as one of the command centers of the Soviet ...
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Abstract Qazvin is one of the cities that were occupied by the allies in both world wars. During the Second World War, the forces of all three countries, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were present in this city, and Qazvin was used as one of the command centers of the Soviet forces and their main base to control the capital. The presence of the allied forces in Qazvin caused many problems for its residents, the effects and signs of which can be seen in the documents and sources left from that era. The purpose of the current research, which is carried out with aanalytical method and relying on documents and library sources, is to investigate the situation of Qazvin during World War II and wants to answer the question of what consequences the occupation of Qazvin by the allied forces had for This city and its inhabitants have had. The result of the present research shows that the presence of the Allies in Qazvin, which continued from the first days of their arrival in Iran until the months after the end of the World War, caused insecurity, chaos, murder, looting, theft, famine, high prices, smuggling, There was hoarding, disease, conflict and conflict in Qazvin and its surroundings.
Iran Local Histories
Jamshid Noroozi; Narges khazaei; zahra fatemi moghadam
Abstract
A B S T R A C TThe cultural and religious relations of some Iranian cities and regions with the Muslims and Shiites of neighboring countries such as Indian subcontinent are among the important issues related to the local history of Iran. Due to the influence of Iranian cultural in India and the ...
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A B S T R A C TThe cultural and religious relations of some Iranian cities and regions with the Muslims and Shiites of neighboring countries such as Indian subcontinent are among the important issues related to the local history of Iran. Due to the influence of Iranian cultural in India and the presence of Shiites, Sufis and Sadats who were interested in Imam Reza in this region, during the Qajar period, as in the Safavid era, many Indian pilgrims were traveling to Mashhad. They were from various social groups, including Sadat and Sufis and occasionally encountered problems. To explain their situation and present and resolve their problems, they used the customary method of writing a petition to the Astan Quds Razavi guardians during their long journey and stay in Mashhad. These petitions which are preserved in the Astan Quds document center, reflect the situation of these Indian pilgrims and provide valuable information about their problems, as well as how the Astan Quds guardians interact with them and support them. The current study, using a historical method and a descriptive-analytical approach based on the documents of Astan Quds Razavi, aimed to provide answer to these questions that what problems the Indian pilgrims who traveled to Mashhad during the Qajar era were encountered? What solution did they mainly resort to reduce them? What interactions and supportive acts did the Astan Quds Razavi guardians have with these Indian pilgrims? The findings indicate that the Indian pilgrims who traveled to Mashhad from various regions of Indian subcontinent experienced a variety of problems including illness, property, theft, and the inability to earn a living. These trapped pilgrims using the pilgrimage atmosphere of this city and the long-standing practice of Astan Quds' support, turned to the Astan Quds guardians to find a solution for their problems. Due to the age of writing a petition of stranded pilgrims and the allocation of significant financial resources and endowments for support them, the Astan Quds guardians and officials considered various support measures, including cash and non-monetary aid after studying their petitions and the situation and problems, sometimes by influencing the social base of the pilgrims and the way of expressing the problems in the petitions, gave more attention to some pilgrims, especially Sadat.
