Iran Local Histories
yadolah arsalani; Abolfazl Razavi; badrosadat alizademoghadam; Yazdan Farrokhi
Abstract
The Murshidiya was founded in the 4th century of Hijri in Kazeroon by Sheikh Abu Ishaq (d. 426 AH). This doctrine paid special attention to trade, according to the teachings, the ruling attitude of monastic centers and its strategic and geographical location of bio-ecosystem. The present article aims ...
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The Murshidiya was founded in the 4th century of Hijri in Kazeroon by Sheikh Abu Ishaq (d. 426 AH). This doctrine paid special attention to trade, according to the teachings, the ruling attitude of monastic centers and its strategic and geographical location of bio-ecosystem. The present article aims to examine the nature and strategy of Murshidiya’s commercial activities in the Timurid period and the contexts and consequences of the commercial life of the followers of this doctrine, taking into account their relations with the ruling political system. It tries to answer the question that what was the influence of the monastic and service network of devotees, the strategic position and business prosperity in the living areas of Murshidiya, in addition to strengthening the business beliefs among the followers of this doctrine in the pursuit of business and the prosperity of business activities. It was carried out with a descriptive-analytical approach. The result shows that due to the commercial position of Kazeroon, the intersection of commercial routes and the access to the Persian Gulf, Sheikh Abu Ishaq’s holiness, commercial teachings in Murshidiya’s teachings, providing intermediate services to merchants and travelers and needys, as well as the government's attention to doctrines in this era, have been the important factors in the prosperity of business among the followers of this doctrine and, accordingly, the Timurid era.
Iran Local Histories
abbasali ahmadi; Alireza Enteshari Najafabadi
Abstract
Most of the palaces of Iran's Islamic period belonged to later periods, and there are few remains of the palaces of the early Islamic centuries. Considering this deficiency and in the absence of archeological excavations, this research aims to explore and recognise the palaces and gardens of the early ...
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Most of the palaces of Iran's Islamic period belonged to later periods, and there are few remains of the palaces of the early Islamic centuries. Considering this deficiency and in the absence of archeological excavations, this research aims to explore and recognise the palaces and gardens of the early Islamic centuries of Isfahan, as one of the important centers of Iranian civilization between the first and 5th centuries of Hijri. It has been carried out by using historical sources and some contemporary researches and it tries to examine the situation of Isfahan in terms government buildings and noble palaces and gardens and identity their owners and location. The results showed that many palaces were built in Isfahan in the early Islamic centuries. They are divided into two categories: government palaces and gardens and private palaces and gardens. Since the first until third century of Hijri, government examples belonged to arab rulers and private examples mainly belonged to arab nobles. In the 4th and early 5th centuries of Hijri, with the selection of Isfahan as one of Al-e-Bouyeh's government centers, government and private palaces were mainly given to the members of this family. Although the change of the urban center of Isfahan from Jey to Yahudiyeh during the studied centuries, led to a change in the place of government examples; however, palaces and private gardens were built in both time periods, mainly on the edge of the river and the coast of Zayandehrud..
Iran Local Histories
mohammad shoormeij; Fatemeh Rahmatpoor
Abstract
TThe current research aimed to investigat the impact of Pahlavi period historical monuments in Ramsar city on the growth and sustainable development of tourism. It has been done by using historical sources and field and questionnaire methods. According to the information and statistics obtained from ...
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TThe current research aimed to investigat the impact of Pahlavi period historical monuments in Ramsar city on the growth and sustainable development of tourism. It has been done by using historical sources and field and questionnaire methods. According to the information and statistics obtained from the questionnaires distributed among the native community in the second half of 1401 and interviews with competent persons, it can be concluded that along with the natural attractions of Ramsar, the beautiful and attractive historical buildings of the Pahlavi period, have increased the tourists’ stay time in the city and has become a factor for creating employment and earning income for the local community. The findings of the research show that the annual increase in the arrival of tourists to Ramsar has a direct relationship with the historical monuments of this city. The native community of the region also supports cultural-historical tourism and in case of principled planning and legal and efficient management in the maintenance and restoration of historical monuments, it will become a sustainable tourism, that its important result is the creation of employment for the young generation and earning more income for the tradesmen, the market and the indigenous people of the region.
Iran Local Histories
Hamidreza Peighambari; Hossein Badamchi
Abstract
In the late third millennium BCE, the Persian Gulf and its surrounding regions—particularly Dilmun, Marḫaši, Magan, and Meluḫḫa —gained significant prominence in the royal inscriptions, economic records, and literary texts of Mesopotamia. These sources highlight the wealth and ...
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In the late third millennium BCE, the Persian Gulf and its surrounding regions—particularly Dilmun, Marḫaši, Magan, and Meluḫḫa —gained significant prominence in the royal inscriptions, economic records, and literary texts of Mesopotamia. These sources highlight the wealth and power of the region’s inhabitants and underscore the establishment of dynamic trade networks, alongside efforts to exert control over these areas. This research, conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, aims first to outline the historical geography of the region. By analyzing historical documents alongside archaeological evidence, it explores then the factors behind the region's renown and strategic importance. The findings indicate that terrestrial trade routes became increasingly unsafe and disrupted during this period due to ongoing wars and hostilities between Mesopotamia, Elam, and their allies. Consequently, merchants shifted to maritime trade routes to access goods from the Iranian plateau and the Indus Valley. Despite the challenges and dangers of seafaring, the significant economic advantages it offered drew the interest of Sumerian and Akkadian rulers. This study concludes that the wealth and fame of these intermediary regions stemmed largely from their pivotal role in facilitating Persian Gulf trade.
Iran Local Histories
masoumeh hanifeh; Mohammad Amir Sheikhnouri
Abstract
A B S T R A C TAfter the fundamental modernizations in the early Pahlavi era, Iranian women’s life underwent many changes. In the meantime, the Gilan region as a connecting bridge between Iran and the northern neighboring countries became one of the important regions in the women's modernization ...
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A B S T R A C TAfter the fundamental modernizations in the early Pahlavi era, Iranian women’s life underwent many changes. In the meantime, the Gilan region as a connecting bridge between Iran and the northern neighboring countries became one of the important regions in the women's modernization movement. Although this process started after the establishment of girls' educational institutions, it accelerated at the beginning of Reza Shah's rule and the formation of special women's communities in Rasht, that main goal was to promote the cultural and social thoughts of the people, especially women. Among these associations, "Paik-e Sa’adat-Nesvan" magazine, with Roshanak Nodoost management, in 1921-1931 had an effective role in the cultural activities of Rasht. According to the hypothesis of rationalism and modeling of women’s life in other nations, the main goal of the Paik-e Sa’adat- Nesvan was to raise awareness and women's reforms. Now this question is raised, what effect did the Paik-e Sa’adat- Nesvan have on Rasht women’s cultural and social life? The findings of the research show that this publication aimed to create self-confidence among women, break tradition in society, encourage women to new education and fight against injustice in the patriarchal society of that period. This study analyzes and investigates in this field by using the historical and descriptive-analytical approaches. Its data is Paik-e Sa’adat-Nesvan articles, archival documents and library sources. It has focused its investigation on the indicators of education, mothers' health, women’s employment and marriage..
Iran Local Histories
Mahmood Sadeghi Alavi
Abstract
Imamzadeh Ali Ibn Bagher is one of the most famous Imamzadehs of Kashan region that despite his fame and importance, not much scientific historical research has been done on him. Diwan Abulreza Ravandi is one of the oldest written sources that provides researchers useful information about him and can ...
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Imamzadeh Ali Ibn Bagher is one of the most famous Imamzadehs of Kashan region that despite his fame and importance, not much scientific historical research has been done on him. Diwan Abulreza Ravandi is one of the oldest written sources that provides researchers useful information about him and can be studied as a historical document. Analytical investigation of Ravandi's references to the imamzadeh in various poems is the issue of interest in this research. By analyzing the historical data of Rawandi in relation to Ali Ibn Bagher in the three areas of lineage, tomb and age, as well as some hadiths attributed to the imamzadeh’s place of martyrdom, we can conclude that apparently in the sixth century, the attribution of the imamzadeh to Imam Bagher was very famous. Also, Imamzadeh’s shrine was rebuilt during this period and his place of martyrdom which is known Mashhad Ardahal, was known only as Barkers or Barkersef Mashhad and probably as a result of the urban development of the contemporary period, it became famous as Ardahal. It is worth mentioning that about some hadiths mentioned in this regard, we should reflect more.
Iran Local Histories
Saleh Amipour; abdollah sajedi; jamal khosravi
Abstract
In the early Islamic centuries, Barzeh was a district, a place and a stage on the way from "Dinevar" to "Maragheh" and was located in Azarbaijan province. Due to the great importance of Azarbaijan, many sources have introduced its different regions and made brief references to some regions. One of these ...
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In the early Islamic centuries, Barzeh was a district, a place and a stage on the way from "Dinevar" to "Maragheh" and was located in Azarbaijan province. Due to the great importance of Azarbaijan, many sources have introduced its different regions and made brief references to some regions. One of these areas is Barzeh. At first, this area was one of the nearby District, and then with the addition of several villages, it became a new District. Muslim Arabs settled in this District and made it prosperous and famous. The name of Barzeh was mentioned in the sources until the Seljuk period, and after that, for unknown reasons, it disappeared. The current research seeks to investigate, identify and locate the Brazeh District. In this research, first-hand sources including historical sources, Masalik and Mamalik books and other early centuries Islamic books as well as research sources and new researches have been used. This research aims to answer the question, which point is Barzeh mentioned in the early Islamic centuries? And which area is it compatible with today? According to the review of the sources, comparing the maps and calculating the mentioned distances, the results of the research indicate that Barzeh can be compared with the current city of Saqez in Kurdistan province. This descriptive and analytical article has been done in a library method using slips extracted from first-hand historical and geographical sources and other reference books and geographical maps.
Iran Local Histories
Amirhossein Hatami
Abstract
Qazvin in recent centuries, especially from the Safavid period onwards has always been influenced by important political, social and economic developments due to its special geographical and historical location. These developments have affected all aspects of urban life, especially the population. Therefore, ...
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Qazvin in recent centuries, especially from the Safavid period onwards has always been influenced by important political, social and economic developments due to its special geographical and historical location. These developments have affected all aspects of urban life, especially the population. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to analyze and study these changes by explaining the most important components affecting demographic changes. Based on the findings, demographic changes in Qazvin have been directly related to general developments in the country. In fact, a set of factors such as political factor (the transfer of the capital to and from Qazvin), social factor (different ethnic-tribal groups’ displacement), military factor (multiple wars), economic factor (economic boom or recession) and natural factors (disease and earthquake) have caused the most demographic changes in Qazvin.
Iran Local Histories
Mohammadreza Alam; Sajad Papi
Abstract
Bakhtiari clan and its khans made many political-military activities to get political power during the periods of Afsharid and Zand. One of the first activities is Alimoradkhan Mamivand’s uprising. This is the first uprising that happened in Iran after Nadershah's coronation. In 1148 A.H., Alimoradkhan ...
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Bakhtiari clan and its khans made many political-military activities to get political power during the periods of Afsharid and Zand. One of the first activities is Alimoradkhan Mamivand’s uprising. This is the first uprising that happened in Iran after Nadershah's coronation. In 1148 A.H., Alimoradkhan raised up in the Middle Zagros region to remove Nadershah and return the monarchy to the Safavid dynasty. Although this uprising failed quickly, but it had important consequences in Bakhtiari region. This research, with an analytical approach, answers the basic questions: what were the grounds of Alimoradkhan's uprising and what were its consequences? The data show that Alimoradkhan raised up a great uprising in the Middle Zagros region by using Bakhtiari warriors present in Nadershah's army dissatisfaction, the people's tendency to Safavid dynasty, the Bakhtiari mountainous region, and finally the people's dissatisfaction about the economic pressures of the Afsharid government. The most important consequences of this unsuccessful and short-lived uprising were extensive losses of life and property damages to the people of the Middle Zagros region, the deportation of more than 10,000 Bakhtiari nomads to Khorasan, and planning for the widespread presence of the Bakhtiari in Nadershah's subsequent conquests, especially the conquest of Kandahar. .
Iran Local Histories
Yosef Elahi; NASIRY MOHAMAD REZA; Hossein Hozhabrian
Abstract
Education is one of the important elements in the formation and development of civilizations, and the transmission of cultural teachings and concepts, which involves many factors in its rise and fall. During the Qajar era, educational institutions and religious schools developped in the country, especially ...
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Education is one of the important elements in the formation and development of civilizations, and the transmission of cultural teachings and concepts, which involves many factors in its rise and fall. During the Qajar era, educational institutions and religious schools developped in the country, especially in Mazandaran that its clear example is Asefiyeh school in Barforoosh. This article aims to answer this question: what factors have influenced the rise and fall of the activities of the religious school of Asefiyeh Barforoosh (present Babol) through a descriptive-analytical approach relying on historical sources and revisiting endowment and other documents. The objective has been to identify influential factors on the foundation, evolution, and decline of that school. The hypothesis relies on the point that besides Mirza Mohammad Shafie Mazandarani's support, political, cultural, and social changes occurred in Mazandaran after him, especially in Barforoosh, had a significant impact on the rise and fall of this school activities. .
Iran Local Histories
mahla najarian tousi; Hassan Hashemi Zarjabad; Abed taghavi
Abstract
Because coins are available to everyone to use in trade, their analysis and comparison can help us better understand some historical ambiguities during the reign of Shah Ismail and the role of Great Khorasan as one of the important states with a high distribution of mints. Mints which represented the ...
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Because coins are available to everyone to use in trade, their analysis and comparison can help us better understand some historical ambiguities during the reign of Shah Ismail and the role of Great Khorasan as one of the important states with a high distribution of mints. Mints which represented the economic power of the government, were established in cities by economic, political, military and communication importance. Political changes had a direct effect on determining the weight of coins in a mint. This research aimed to study the weight and diameter of coins and investigate the economic situation in Greater Khorasan. Because the weight of coins is valuable in socio-economic discussions. Therefore, this descriptive-analytical article using the historical method and study of numismatics and Khorasan mints, tries to answer this question: what are the effective factors in the extreme changes in the weight of coins in the period of 916-928 A.H. (1510-1522 A.D.) The results show that political and economic events affected the minting of coins, and the government prevented inflation and established economic balance in trade affairs by decreasing and increasing the weight of coins. .
Iran Local Histories
Mohammad Bakhtiari
Abstract
Abstract Qazvin is one of the cities that were occupied by the allies in both world wars. During the Second World War, the forces of all three countries, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were present in this city, and Qazvin was used as one of the command centers of the Soviet ...
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Abstract Qazvin is one of the cities that were occupied by the allies in both world wars. During the Second World War, the forces of all three countries, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were present in this city, and Qazvin was used as one of the command centers of the Soviet forces and their main base to control the capital. The presence of the allied forces in Qazvin caused many problems for its residents, the effects and signs of which can be seen in the documents and sources left from that era. The purpose of the current research, which is carried out with aanalytical method and relying on documents and library sources, is to investigate the situation of Qazvin during World War II and wants to answer the question of what consequences the occupation of Qazvin by the allied forces had for This city and its inhabitants have had. The result of the present research shows that the presence of the Allies in Qazvin, which continued from the first days of their arrival in Iran until the months after the end of the World War, caused insecurity, chaos, murder, looting, theft, famine, high prices, smuggling, There was hoarding, disease, conflict and conflict in Qazvin and its surroundings.
Iran Local Histories
Jamshid Noroozi; Narges khazaei; zahra fatemi moghadam
Abstract
A B S T R A C TThe cultural and religious relations of some Iranian cities and regions with the Muslims and Shiites of neighboring countries such as Indian subcontinent are among the important issues related to the local history of Iran. Due to the influence of Iranian cultural in India and the ...
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A B S T R A C TThe cultural and religious relations of some Iranian cities and regions with the Muslims and Shiites of neighboring countries such as Indian subcontinent are among the important issues related to the local history of Iran. Due to the influence of Iranian cultural in India and the presence of Shiites, Sufis and Sadats who were interested in Imam Reza in this region, during the Qajar period, as in the Safavid era, many Indian pilgrims were traveling to Mashhad. They were from various social groups, including Sadat and Sufis and occasionally encountered problems. To explain their situation and present and resolve their problems, they used the customary method of writing a petition to the Astan Quds Razavi guardians during their long journey and stay in Mashhad. These petitions which are preserved in the Astan Quds document center, reflect the situation of these Indian pilgrims and provide valuable information about their problems, as well as how the Astan Quds guardians interact with them and support them. The current study, using a historical method and a descriptive-analytical approach based on the documents of Astan Quds Razavi, aimed to provide answer to these questions that what problems the Indian pilgrims who traveled to Mashhad during the Qajar era were encountered? What solution did they mainly resort to reduce them? What interactions and supportive acts did the Astan Quds Razavi guardians have with these Indian pilgrims? The findings indicate that the Indian pilgrims who traveled to Mashhad from various regions of Indian subcontinent experienced a variety of problems including illness, property, theft, and the inability to earn a living. These trapped pilgrims using the pilgrimage atmosphere of this city and the long-standing practice of Astan Quds' support, turned to the Astan Quds guardians to find a solution for their problems. Due to the age of writing a petition of stranded pilgrims and the allocation of significant financial resources and endowments for support them, the Astan Quds guardians and officials considered various support measures, including cash and non-monetary aid after studying their petitions and the situation and problems, sometimes by influencing the social base of the pilgrims and the way of expressing the problems in the petitions, gave more attention to some pilgrims, especially Sadat.
Iran Local Histories
mohammad zahdi; Mohammad Hossein daneskia
Abstract
Investigating the influential factors in Islamic civilization is important. The people of different cities, including Qom, as one of the important Shiite religious cities, have been influential in the flourishing of Islamic civilization. This research using the descriptive-analytical method based on ...
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Investigating the influential factors in Islamic civilization is important. The people of different cities, including Qom, as one of the important Shiite religious cities, have been influential in the flourishing of Islamic civilization. This research using the descriptive-analytical method based on the data of the most authentic narrative and historical, geographical and royal books, seeks to answer the question that what effects did Qom have on Islamic civilization from the second to the fourth century Hijri? The findings show that the people of Qom, both local natives and Arab Shiite Ash'aris, using efficient manpower and a coherent plan, in a short period of time, were able to have an impact on Islamic civilization by self-sufficient in various political, economic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, animal husbandry, judicial, military, scientific, architectural and art sectors, exporting high-quality goods to Islamic countries, providing efficient political force for other cities, sending merchants and traders to different Islamic cities, ensuring the security of transportation routes, and inventing and transferring the art and architecture style to other Islamic cities.
Iran Local Histories
badrosadat alizademoghadam; Morteza Nikravesh; ahmad bazmandegan khamiri; sasan Tahmasbi
Abstract
With the increasing communication between Indian Persians and Iranian Zoroastrians during the Naseri period, Indian Persians sent representatives and established associations among Iranian Zoroastrians, especially Yazd Zoroastrians, with the aim of improving their fellow believers’ status and religious ...
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With the increasing communication between Indian Persians and Iranian Zoroastrians during the Naseri period, Indian Persians sent representatives and established associations among Iranian Zoroastrians, especially Yazd Zoroastrians, with the aim of improving their fellow believers’ status and religious and social affairs in Iran. The formation of these associations in Yazd, along with the efforts of some Zoroastrian reformers, especially the Persians, caused significant changes in the conditions of the Zoroastrians in this area. This research, with a descriptive and analytical approach and based on library and documentary sources, seeks to answer the main question that what role did Zoroastrian associations in Yazd play in Zoroastrians’ cultural and social life during the Qajar period? The findings indicate that Indian Persians played a significant role in improving the condition of Yazd Zoroastrians during the Qajar era through the establishment of associations such as Akaber association and Naseri association. These associations with the help of the representatives sent by Indian Persians, played a significant role in Yazd Zoroastrians’ social and cultural life in t affaires such as canceling the jizya, establishing new schools, and removing injustices from the Zoroastrian minority.
Iran Local Histories
Maryam Khosroabadi; Milad Ajami
Abstract
The most important feature of the Ismaili movement was its longevity. This movement started in the middle of the second century of Hijri and continued until the fall of the Ismaili castles by the Mongols (7th century of Hijri). During all this time, "being an Ismaili" meant a challenge to the Islamic ...
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The most important feature of the Ismaili movement was its longevity. This movement started in the middle of the second century of Hijri and continued until the fall of the Ismaili castles by the Mongols (7th century of Hijri). During all this time, "being an Ismaili" meant a challenge to the Islamic world and was called a deviant sect, atheist, irreligious and non-Muslim by the Sunni governments as well as other Shiite groups. The remnants of the Ismaili communities from the Mongol to the Safavid era began their resurrection ina challenge to the subsequent governments. After the fall of Alamut in Kerman, we witness a peaceful coexistence between the Ismaili community and the post-Safawi governments, which, according to some opinions, were not interested in conflict with the Ismaili survivors. From the point of view of this writing, the Ismaili imams first promoted peaceful coexistence with the Iranian Muslim community in Kerman, and then the aforementioned governments were forced to compromise with them. The main question of the research is how this coexistence took place and what were its reasons and factors? The results showed that the geographical, economic and political conditions of Kerman created a platform where the Ismaili leaders, by understanding the spatial and temporal conditions, without spreading the religion, could be accepted by the people of Kerman as Sadat Hosseini and the descendants of the Prophet, and made the governments of Zand and Qajar obliged to respect their situation. Hosseini Sadat and the descendants of the Prophet accepted the word of being Ismaili and replaced it with the discourse of peace and coexistence. The present study tries to introduce Kerman as a platform for the revival of the Ismailis after the decline of the death period in order to enter the modern world.
Iran Local Histories
Mina Moeini; Ali Akbar Jafari; Morteza Dehqannejad
Abstract
Russia's attempts to infiltrate in Northern provinces of Iran became more serious during the Qajar period, and finally became more noticeable and evident after concluding the treaties of Golestan and Turkamanchai. The Russians paid special attention to Astarabad because of its unique commercial and geographical ...
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Russia's attempts to infiltrate in Northern provinces of Iran became more serious during the Qajar period, and finally became more noticeable and evident after concluding the treaties of Golestan and Turkamanchai. The Russians paid special attention to Astarabad because of its unique commercial and geographical location. By influencing in Astarabad, they had a significant impact on the events of this area. This situation progressed to the point that the ruler of the region was actually the Russian consul and the Iranian authorities had no power against him. This study aims to investigate the state of Astarabad province and the reasons for the inability of its rulers to deal with Russian infiltrate and domination and seeks to answer this question: Why the governors of Astarabad didn’t have a proper reaction to the influence of the Russians? According to the findings of this descriptive-analytical study, the absence of powerful and reforming rulers in the Asatrabad, the oppression and abuse of the Iranian authorities and rulers of this region to the people, the lack of unity among the residents, and finally the collusion of some Iranian officials with the Russians, increased Russian dominance and presence in the state.
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Iran Local Histories
ahmad bazmandegan khamiri
Abstract
The name of the Persian Gulf has always been associated with trade and as one of the important waterways, it played a vital role in the exchange of goods between East and West, which was mentioned in the sources of the past. On the eve of the constitutional revolution and with the expansion of newspapers, ...
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The name of the Persian Gulf has always been associated with trade and as one of the important waterways, it played a vital role in the exchange of goods between East and West, which was mentioned in the sources of the past. On the eve of the constitutional revolution and with the expansion of newspapers, new written sources addressed this field. Mozaffari newspaper which was one of the most important newspapers in the south of Iran, devoted important articles to this field. This article seeks to answer this question: what was the approach of this newspaper to the category of merchants and trade and tries to examine this issue in a descriptive-analytical method and with a critical approach. The findings showed that, according to Mozaffari newspaper, Iran's trade in the Persian Gulf declined during this period, and one of the main factors was British interference and concessions, which in practice limited free trade in the region and left no space for competition. This newspaper did not consider trade as only the exchange of goods, but considered it a complex process of which the exchange of goods was a part. The process of product production, which is considered an inseparable part of it is neglected in the meantime. A part that, according to the newspaper, has not been given much value in Iran's foreign trade.
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Iran Local Histories
Yaser Karimi gilaye; hojjat fallah tootkar; Bagher Ali Adelfar; mohsen bahram nezhad
Abstract
Teachers and students were one of the most important social forces emerging from the new educational structure in the country, who took a critical stance towards the unbalanced Pahlavi government’s political and social functions. The teachers and students of Guilan province, like their counterparts ...
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Teachers and students were one of the most important social forces emerging from the new educational structure in the country, who took a critical stance towards the unbalanced Pahlavi government’s political and social functions. The teachers and students of Guilan province, like their counterparts in other provinces of the country, after the transformation in the social structure, the expansion of the challenging discourses of the political system and the emergence of the destructive leader named Imam Khomeini, have provided the foundation for the emergence of dissatisfaction and street protests and created cultural and revolutionary activism by participating in protests and marches and distributing and reproducting of revolutionary leaflets and books. This research with descriptive-analytical approach and historical method and relying on documentary sources and oral history tries to answer the question, what role did teachers and students of different cities of Gilan province play in the formation and political mobilization of forces in the Islamic Revolution. ? The findings showed that they were among the pioneers of the flow of awareness and political cohesion to carry out revolutionary action among different strata of the society, and with their behavioral and expressive actions, they provided the ground for the presence of the revolutionary masses in the scene of the revolution..
Iran Local Histories
mojtaba soltani ahmadi; Iraj Soori; mostafa gohari fakhrabad
Abstract
In the field of historiography of Lorestan in the second Pahlavi era, no research has been done to determine the subject areas and methodology. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the remaining works about the history of Lorestan during the Pahlavi period (1357-1320) and to criticize ...
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In the field of historiography of Lorestan in the second Pahlavi era, no research has been done to determine the subject areas and methodology. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the remaining works about the history of Lorestan during the Pahlavi period (1357-1320) and to criticize the common writing styles of that time in terms of method and content. The general feature of existing historiography is the investigation of personalities, institutions and organizations, which mostly covers political history and less deals with social, economic, cultural and artistic history. Therefore, the scientific criticism and evaluation of these works is important for the purpose of the desired scientific productions and the promotion of researches in the field of local history of Lorestan. The findings indicate that three main types of historiography can be identified: character-oriented historiography or monograph, official historiography with the content of works and compositions (books), and oral historiography. In these works, people of Lorestan’s social history, including the petitions of the people to the members of parliament, which are a good source in this regard, have been neglected. Another problem in the field of historiography of this period is the dispersion of data and information sources. The lack of an independent document database specific to the province has made difficult to access to sufficient data for scientific productions.
Iran Local Histories
hadi bayati; hamidreza moniri
Abstract
The most important goal of this qualitative-descriptive research is the historical investigation of the formation of the resources of the religious forces mobilization in Saveh in the process of the Islamic revolution from 1963-1978. The data collection method is the documents related to the revolution ...
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The most important goal of this qualitative-descriptive research is the historical investigation of the formation of the resources of the religious forces mobilization in Saveh in the process of the Islamic revolution from 1963-1978. The data collection method is the documents related to the revolution based on Charles Tilly's resource mobilization theory. The research seeks to answer the main question: what was the historical process of mobilizing the resources of religious forces in the process of the Islamic revolution in Saveh? It seems that the components extracted from Charles Tilly's theory are appropriate in explaining how to mobilize the resources of the religious forces of Saveh city in the Islamic revolution process. The findings indicate that in the process of the Islamic revolution in Saveh, the different groups and classes that sought to mobilize resources against the Pahlavi regime include: clergy, marketers, educators (teachers and students) and women. In this period, non-organizational groups centered on clerics were formed and they were mainly active in mosques and religious centers. All sources of power were operating by not using compulsory sources such as weapons, useful sources through information services such as cassette tapes and normative sources with religious ceremonies during the days of Muharram, Safar and Ramadan. The resource mobilization were formed with defensive mobilization with measures such as destroying the statue of the king and aggresive mobilization with strikes, closing markets and demonstrations, and collective actions were assoiated with two types of "reactive collective action" (strikes) and "initiative collective action" (street clashes between revolutionary forces and regime agents).
Iran Local Histories
mehrdad ronaghi; javad sakha; masood mohammadi
Abstract
The Kerman Seljuk Sultanate or Al-Qaward (432-583 AH), one of the most important local governments in Seljuk history, was formed by Qaward in Kerman and controlled Kerman to the coast of Oman for one hundred and fifty years. It was the source of changes in the economy and land and sea trade; so that ...
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The Kerman Seljuk Sultanate or Al-Qaward (432-583 AH), one of the most important local governments in Seljuk history, was formed by Qaward in Kerman and controlled Kerman to the coast of Oman for one hundred and fifty years. It was the source of changes in the economy and land and sea trade; so that during this period, Kerman became one of the commercial bases in the territory of the Great Seljuk. Although due to the challenge between Sultan Malik Shah and Qaward, the founder of the Kerman Seljuk, several wars took place which caused a strain in the their relations, but finally they made peace and Al-Qaward tried not to interfere in the conflicts between the princes and the central government. This study aimed to identify the factors of survival and continuity of this local dynasty during the critical period after the death of Malek Shah. The results showed that the political attitude of Qaward's successors towards the central government in not intervening in the Seljuk conflicts and their attention to commercial and economic prosperity in the long term became the secret of its survival and stability. This research tries to analyze the subject from different angles based on the historical research method with a descriptive approach and referring to the original sources.
Iran Local Histories
hamid basiratmanesh; Seyyed Mahmood Sadat Bidgoli; Mohammad Ebrahimifiluri
Abstract
Background and purposes: The land reform plan at the beginning of 1965 was a part of the modernization and change of the social structure of Iran project during the Pahlavi era. This plan had many consequences in political, cultural and social fields. Although land reforms in Isfahan destroyed a traditional ...
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Background and purposes: The land reform plan at the beginning of 1965 was a part of the modernization and change of the social structure of Iran project during the Pahlavi era. This plan had many consequences in political, cultural and social fields. Although land reforms in Isfahan destroyed a traditional and old order; but it could not replace it with a new system and it led to social tensions between the owners, farmers and implementers of land reforms (the government). The purpose of this research is to document social tensions resulting from land reforms in Isfahan province.Method: This descriptive-analytical research has been done with documentary method and historical research based on archival documents.Findings and conclusions: The land reforms plan in Isfahan not only did not create social balance, but also resulted in fragmentation of lands, lack of fair distribution of land and consequently unemployment, poverty and deep differences between owners, farmers and Pahlavi government. This involved the villagers and caused the urban balance and migration and marginalization disruption..
Iran Local Histories
fatemeh jafarnia; Mohammad aziznegad; Ramezan Bidar
Abstract
Ziyad Oghli Qajar dynasty was among the important and influential families in the Caucasus who emerged from the transformation process of the political and administrative structure of the Safavid government. This dynasty developed from the Qajar tribe and gained power in Karabakh by the support of the ...
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Ziyad Oghli Qajar dynasty was among the important and influential families in the Caucasus who emerged from the transformation process of the political and administrative structure of the Safavid government. This dynasty developed from the Qajar tribe and gained power in Karabakh by the support of the Safavid kings. Ziyad Oghli dynasty was one of the most important advocates of the establishment and perpetuation of the political sovereignty of the Safavid state in the Caucasus. There is no clear picture of their political and military role in Karabakh during the reign of Shah Tahmasb I, and therefore, further studies is essential. This research attempted to answer the question: What was Ziyad Oghli dynasty’s role in the political developments of the Caucasus during the reign of Shah Tahmasb I? The findings showed that the Ziyad Oghli dynasty was responsible for the security and protection of the Safavid frontiers against the Ottomans. Moreover, they had to deal with Georgia's internal affairs and suppress the riots against the Safavid state in the eastern parts of Georgia. In other words, their most important role was to stabilize and perpetuate the political sovereignty of the Safavid state in the Caucasus.The research was a descriptive and analytical study.
Iran Local Histories
Esmaeil Hassanzadeh; Hojat Niknafs
Abstract
Study ruling families’ rise of power after the decline of the central powers shows the historical process of passing from centralized Iranian governments to local governments. Unfortunately, theoretical studies related to family history have not yet begun in Iran, so that the emergence and decline ...
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Study ruling families’ rise of power after the decline of the central powers shows the historical process of passing from centralized Iranian governments to local governments. Unfortunately, theoretical studies related to family history have not yet begun in Iran, so that the emergence and decline of ruling families can be examined in detail. This article studies and analyzes fall of the Gavrudian in Gavrudi region near Hamedan and Kurdistan and in particular Gavrudian's policy towards the three governments of kara kouynlu, Timurid, and Ak kouynlu. The main problem of the Gavrudians who ruled during the 9th century that they could adjust their interests to the three governments’ different and fluid interests. Thus, the fluidity of central governments’ interests led to the Gavrudians’ reaction fluidity and complexity. They could not establish a strong and stable power against the central governments’ centralist policies. The rapid changes forced them to adopt immediate and opportunistic policies. Therefore they became confused. In addition, intra-family rivalries and the performance of rival families reduced their power.
