pajoheshi
Shahin Ranaie; Ali Bigdeli
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 5-22
Abstract
The first stage of land reform program only included major landowners. However, it had common aims at the country, but it is encountered different reactions in various areas. Landowners upon their facilities and conditions did different proceeds to prevent implementation of land reform and oppose state ...
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The first stage of land reform program only included major landowners. However, it had common aims at the country, but it is encountered different reactions in various areas. Landowners upon their facilities and conditions did different proceeds to prevent implementation of land reform and oppose state policies. In this research, the problem is how did large landowners face the articles of land reform law and why were there contradictions between their reactions in various parts of this region? To answer these questions, the present study, has utilized descriptive and explanatory methods. Based on the research conclusions, because of the tribal structure domination and nomadic correlation, the activities of Left Parties and influence of the nationalism ideas of the northern and western areas of the provinces such as Saqqez, Bāneh, Marivān and Divāndareh, there must have been stronger opposition to land reform and government than other parts.
pajoheshi
Fateme Zeynali; Mohammad Reza ʻAlam
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 23-41
Abstract
Performance of territorial reformations rule in 1341, despite abundant defects, at the first step, caused the traditional territorial system and lord-serf relation to be resolved. In this process, compulsory land division and as a result of it, the lost of the political, social and economic powers of ...
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Performance of territorial reformations rule in 1341, despite abundant defects, at the first step, caused the traditional territorial system and lord-serf relation to be resolved. In this process, compulsory land division and as a result of it, the lost of the political, social and economic powers of the land owner and leader of the tribe led to the riot of some traditional owners in some southern regions, including Boyer Ahmad province where the ancient tribal relations were still prevailed. The present paper, through utilizing library-documentary method and adopting descriptive-analytic approach, intends to examine the revolt of two persons of these traditional owners who were called Abdollah Zarghampour and Naser Taheri and to prove the nature of this riot. The findings of the research suggest that, from the very beginning, the nature of the riot was khans’ opposition against territorial reformations, and however, at final stages of the revolt, particular groups of people with religious beliefs participated in this uproar, but this event didn’t change its nature.
pajoheshi
Shahram Farahnaki; Jamshid Norouzi; Houshang Khosrobeigi; Shahram Yousefifar
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 42-75
Abstract
The present paper examines some aspects of Khorasan and Transoxiana agricultural situation. This study includes the time period between the rise of the Timurid reign and the end of sultan Husayn Bayqara’s rule. The issue which is explored in the current study is the degree of the influence the ...
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The present paper examines some aspects of Khorasan and Transoxiana agricultural situation. This study includes the time period between the rise of the Timurid reign and the end of sultan Husayn Bayqara’s rule. The issue which is explored in the current study is the degree of the influence the political changes of the Timurid era had on the agricultural developments of Khorasan province and Transoxiana. This study, through application of descriptive-analytic approach and based on the data extracted from the existing sources, explores the issue under investigation. The present research demonstrates that various aspects of the agricultural situation of Khorasan and Transoxiana have been influenced by the political developments of the Timurid empire. To encourage the improvement of the areas along with the performance of lands re-cultivation projects in various regions, establishment or rebuilding of the irrigation networks and the performance of the efficient management in landownership rules and regulations of the region are among the said effects. To apply practical techniques in cultivation and gardening caused the promotion in producing farming and gardening products. Despite this promotion, due to some political and social developments and taking unreal taxes in that period of time, the farmers’ living status has been reported in a poverty level.
pajoheshi
Javad Sakha; Gholam-Hossein Zargarinezhad; Ataollah Hasani; Sohrab Yazdani
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 76-92
Abstract
With the beginning of the Constitutional Movement of people in Tabriz, some of its preachers joined the Movement based on some former connections that they had with the reformist elements of the city. The preachers used their abilities and some unique guild privileges so that they were considered among ...
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With the beginning of the Constitutional Movement of people in Tabriz, some of its preachers joined the Movement based on some former connections that they had with the reformist elements of the city. The preachers used their abilities and some unique guild privileges so that they were considered among the leaders of Constitutionalism in a short time. Thus, they actively participated in some constitutionalism related issues, the most important of which was forming “Mojahed” military forces. Due to some reasons, these two groups soon found common objectives and interests and became close comrades. Beginning with “lesser Despotism” and the attacks of anti-constitutionalists and the resistance of Mojaheds against them, Preachers, after a short hesitation, hurried to help “Mojaheds” and tried to turn the Resistance Movement from a pure military issue into a multifaceted attempt based on various national elements. Due to their familiarity with religious teachings and their use of preaching abilities, the preachers benefited from their social position among people to motivate people to accompany “Mojaheds” and responded to the religious attacks of the opponents of Constitutionalism. They also actively participated in some staff issues which were necessary for organizing the Resistance Movement. After reviewing the beginning of Constitutionalism Movement in Tabriz, the joining of preachers to the Movement, their role in forming military forces and some other changes, and based on reliable historical sources and research, this study tries to use a descriptive-analytical method to answer the following questions: what causes and reasons made preachers join the Resistance Movement? What subjects and issues did they emphasize in their preaches? The findings of this research reveal that Preachers considered the Resistance Movement as an admirable attempt for reviving constitutionalism. They believed that for this purpose the presence of religious-intellectual forces was necessary along with military forces. In their preaches they focused on faithfulness to the ideals of Constitutionalism, conformity of Constitutionalism and Mojaheds behavior with the religious principles, the opposition of despotism with religious principles and the necessity of development and progress of the country based on the objectives of Constitutionalism. As the most important thing, they focused on encouraging and helping multifaceted resistance against the supporters of Muhammad Ali Shah. This research is a study in the field of local historical studies of Tabriz in one of important periods of contemporary history of Iran.
pajoheshi
Bagher Ali ʻAdelfar ʻAdelfar; Zahra Ali-Mohammadi
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 93-106
Abstract
Qazvin as one of the most important Iranian cities at the Safavid reign, when it was the capital, reached the peak of its development. But after about four decades when the capital moved from Qazvin to Isfahan, without any doubt, this transferring had significant consequences for Qazvin city. In fact, ...
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Qazvin as one of the most important Iranian cities at the Safavid reign, when it was the capital, reached the peak of its development. But after about four decades when the capital moved from Qazvin to Isfahan, without any doubt, this transferring had significant consequences for Qazvin city. In fact, it was expected that the development of the city would be rapidly lost. Since it is obvious that the political centralism of a city could be effective, to a considerable extent, in its development and as a result, its lack of centralism has the opposite effect. From current study, which was conducted through using itineraries and reports of the travelers and ambassadors and reviewing financial documents and the works of historians was concluded that though changing the political capital from Qazvin area to Isfahan area, led to considerable decrease of the political significance of the city, due to other factors, moving of the capital had not much negative effects on the economic and commercial life of the area, and this condition stayed continuous until the Qajar dynasty which led to new situations in the economy of northern areas of Iran.
pajoheshi
Lida Mavadat; Javad Mousavi Dalini
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 107-124
Abstract
The weakness of the Abbasid Caliphate and the existence of the internal disputes of Al-e Buyeh dynasty led to the establishment of local rulers in the western Iran. The Bani ‘Anāz family were local Kurds who had ruled over a vast areas of the western Iran the years between 1381 and 511 (AH). The ...
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The weakness of the Abbasid Caliphate and the existence of the internal disputes of Al-e Buyeh dynasty led to the establishment of local rulers in the western Iran. The Bani ‘Anāz family were local Kurds who had ruled over a vast areas of the western Iran the years between 1381 and 511 (AH). The problem of the current study is the way of Bani ‘Anāz rule formation, its expansion, and its relations with the great Seljuk reign.
The findings of the current study suggest that Abolfath and Abolshuk, the first two Bani ‘Anāz Amirs, by establishing and stabilizing the said rule played a significant role in political changes. But the existence of the power gap between the members of the Bani ‘Anāz rule caused this family became highly vulnerable against the attacks of Uzbek Turkmen. Thus, the Seljuks by adopting aggressive policy and by benefiting from internal disputes of the Bani ‘Anāz reign, rendered the said dynasty submissive. For these reasons, the Bani ‘Anāz rule, through joining into the Seljuk’s power, was collapsed in 511.
The current paper, through application of the analytic-descriptive method and library documentations as well as by emphasizing on the primary resources, attempts to analyze the Bani ‘Anāz ruling acts and its relation with the Seljuks.
pajoheshi
Soraya kornokar; Zarife Kazemi
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 125-138
Abstract
Reza Shah came to throne in Iran when the government of Iran was faced with the political and military weakness and also was the plaything of the powers of the north and south of the country, namely Russia and Britain. The tribes in the region had its own power and influence. Reza Khan, since the establishment ...
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Reza Shah came to throne in Iran when the government of Iran was faced with the political and military weakness and also was the plaything of the powers of the north and south of the country, namely Russia and Britain. The tribes in the region had its own power and influence. Reza Khan, since the establishment of the Ministry of War, was aware of these issues and attempted for the formation of a strong central rule. To create such a condition, he inevitably decreased state power. This issue was coincidence with the implementation of the disarmament, suppression, intimidation, exile and Takhteh Qapu of the rebel states. But since the obedience to such decrees was difficult for the tribes, they began to revolt against the time government. Among these tribes, was the Beyranvand tribe of Lorestan who had a key role in the riots against the government of the Qajar and Pahlavi. to achieve his goals, Reza Shah devoted a lot of time to suppress the tribe. Finally, they have no choice but to capitulate to the demands of the government.
This cross-sectional study, through a descriptive-analytic approach, intends to examines how the anti-tribal policies of Reza Shah and tribal struggles of Lorestan, particularly the Beyranvand tribe, deal with the government officers.
pajoheshi
Mohammad Sadegh Roustaei; Reza Mehrafarin; Seyyed Rasoil Mousavi Haji
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 139-154
Abstract
The city of Fasa, during the early Islamic centuries, particularly in the 4th century AH, was a very large and significant city in Fars province which contained all the structural characteristics of the Islamic primary cities. The archeological studies, however very limited, have been carried out in ...
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The city of Fasa, during the early Islamic centuries, particularly in the 4th century AH, was a very large and significant city in Fars province which contained all the structural characteristics of the Islamic primary cities. The archeological studies, however very limited, have been carried out in this place is a validation to the descriptions of the geographers and chronologists who have praised the significance and greatness of the city in the early Islamic centuries.
In the current study, all written sources, including geographical and historical resources which were related to that period or a little time after it and were spoken about Fasa and its metropolitan characteristics have been studied carefully with respect to the skeleton rebuilding structure of Fasa in Islamic primary centuries. The importance of written sources is in that, because of its authors simultaneously and time proximity, valuable information is extractable from them. In addition, the consequence results of archaeological research that have been already carried out in Tall-e Zahhak, the ancient Fasa city, have been evaluated completely for more scientific and precise interpretation too. Thus, the current study, based on its goal is a fundamental research and according to the nature and methodology is a historical study.
pajoheshi
Mojtaba Khalife; Ali Najafzadeh
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 155-174
Abstract
The allies attacked Iran in Shahrivar 1320 and one of the Key measures of Russia and the UK was taking over the heavy trucks which were being used in Iran transportation system in order to get benefit from them in line with their military purposes. Britain first established the Apatz Company for the ...
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The allies attacked Iran in Shahrivar 1320 and one of the Key measures of Russia and the UK was taking over the heavy trucks which were being used in Iran transportation system in order to get benefit from them in line with their military purposes. Britain first established the Apatz Company for the transportation from India to Khorasan. But when they failed to achieve their goal, the allies, with the collaboration of the U.S.A., came to the agreement the Apatz Company to be replaced by the U.K. Export and Import Union which was called in Persian U.K.C.C.
This transportation company had a key role in transferring military weapons and necessities to Russia, but at the same time, this task remained its various economic and social effects. Since a branch of the transportation route used by the allies was passing through Khorasan province, its effects on the people’s life of Khorasan, from various aspects, was obvious. Taking over the heavy duty trucks, road construction, performing economic activities, transportation by loading, smuggling the goods, employing drivers, heavy truck ownership as well as social activities such as transferring the war hostages, were among the U.K. most significant branch activities which had social and economic effects.
The present paper attempts to provide a vast review of these effects and the influence of the U.K.C.C. transportation company on Khorasan province during World War II. The most important issues that the current study deals with are the reasons of the activities of the U.K.C.C. Company in Khorasan province, the areas of its activities and various dimensions of its effects.
The present study has been carried out through utilizing analytic-descriptive method and based on the historical documents, field study, and interviewing about the U.K.C.C. Transportation Company in Khorasan.
The current research demonstrates that the U.K.C.C. Transportation Company, in addition to the main area of its activities, has been effective in numerous economic and social fields, including drivers living, the dangers of driving, difficulties of transportation and economic activity
pajoheshi
Siamand Khalili; Osman Yusefi
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 175-204
Abstract
Mokri emirate formation before the establishment of the Safavid state, in the northwest of Iran, is considered a turning point in the history of Mokrian area. Local rulers of the emirates, each in their own time, have made their most efforts for the development of this area. In the meantime, Bodaq Sultan ...
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Mokri emirate formation before the establishment of the Safavid state, in the northwest of Iran, is considered a turning point in the history of Mokrian area. Local rulers of the emirates, each in their own time, have made their most efforts for the development of this area. In the meantime, Bodaq Sultan known as the ‘Great King’ who has realized the events occurred from the middle of Shah Abbas I, the Safavid king, to the early of Shah Sultan Hussein reign, believes that Shah Suleiman Safavi’s time has an admirable status for the Mokri emirate. The present study investigates the changes took place in the Mokri emirate during Bodaq Sultan’s reign within the framework of a descriptive-analytic research and on the basis of library resources and documentation. The present paper attempts to answer the two following questions: What was Bodaq Sultan’s role in the historical developments of Mokri area? and what was the Bodaq Sultan’s interactions with the Safavid contemporary kings? The findings of the study suggest that Bodaq Sultan, on the one hand, with his wisdom and foresight, and on the other hand, because of the security and peace that existed in Iran during the Safavid Shah Suleiman reign, could take key measures in various areas. In this line, his measures have been of significance in three areas: To make development in architecture and city subdivisions of mixed used; pay attention to people’s economic welfare based on the expansion of agricultural products, to establish library, Dar al-‘Elm, and paying special attention to the religious discussions. Bodaq Sultan, in the course of making relation with his contemporary Safavid king, particularly Shah Suleiman, selected the policy of making himself close to the superior power in a way that could register his name in the Mokrian history from the perspectives of fundamental changes in architectural and building construction techniques and stabilization of the culture of endowment in this area.
pajoheshi
. .; . .
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 205-218
Abstract
Lack of identified farmers’ resources at the national level and the difficulties of organizing them in sporadic villages of Iran caused the farmers not to participate as a social class in the course of the Constitutional Revolution, but during the Constitutionalism, a number of the farmers’ ...
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Lack of identified farmers’ resources at the national level and the difficulties of organizing them in sporadic villages of Iran caused the farmers not to participate as a social class in the course of the Constitutional Revolution, but during the Constitutionalism, a number of the farmers’ movements took place in some regions of the country. Gilan province was one of the regions whose farmers were involved seriously, almost throughout the region, in the struggle against landowners. The farmers performed various actions to challenge against the landowners during the movement and got benefit from different political groups and parties such as Ejtemā‘iyun (the ordinary people), Amiyun (volgur people), Abbasi society and the Social Democrats of Gilan province. The main purpose of the present paper is to investigate, through application of the descriptive–analytic method, the research problem here which is the farmers’ struggle against the landowners during the movement, with regard to the political parties’ supports and based on the historical resources and some published newspapers of the constitutional era. The findings of the research suggest that the farmers during different stages of the movement did various actions such as not paying the landowners’ interest, disagreement with the property owners and sending them out of the villages, and the establishment of rural local societies. After two years of the farmers’ challenging with landowners, despite farmers’ temporary victories, due to lack of the support of the Majlis and state societies of Gilan province from the farmers, finally the farmers’ movement got defeated and the “Arbab-rayati” system was established once again in Gilan province.
