Abdolhadi Khademyani; mahbuob mahdavian; Amir Abdulahi
Volume 10, Issue 20 , October 2022, , Pages 91-102
Abstract
Examining the relations between tribes and tribes is one of the important topics of Iranian history. This issue is more important in the Safavid period, especially in the western regions of Iran, due to the hostile relations with the Ottoman government. In this article, the activism of two Kurdish clans ...
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Examining the relations between tribes and tribes is one of the important topics of Iranian history. This issue is more important in the Safavid period, especially in the western regions of Iran, due to the hostile relations with the Ottoman government. In this article, the activism of two Kurdish clans of this region, namely Ardalan and Zanganeh, has been analyzed analytically in regional, national and inter-territorial developments. What are the main components of their internal relations (with each other) and external relations (with the central government of Iran and the Ottoman Empire) and what has been the impact of these relations on regional developments? In this research, it is descriptive-analytical and by referring to the main sources, especially local Kurdish and Persian sources, focusing on the research question, extracting historical data, and after measuring and evaluating the content, it is set with an analytical approach.The results of the research show that during the Safavid era, the mentioned clans, especially the Ardalan clan, which had the sovereignty of the Kurdistan states, were among the political and military activists in the west of the country and gained great importance. In this period, on the one hand, with the type of relations they established with the Safavid government and on the other hand, due to the constant conflicts they had with each other, they created the ground for the emergence of annexation unrest in the states of Kurdistan and Kermanshahs, which sometimes attacked the central government as well. had faced challenges. At the end of the Safavid government, the internal weakness of the Ardalan clan and the forced dispersion of people from the Zanganeh clan in different regions of Iran by the order of the Safavid kings, gradually led them to avoid conflict and desire to interact with each other.
Manizheh Karami; Mehri Edrisi; nezamali dehnavi; saleh aminpour
Abstract
Kalhor tribe is one of the prominent tribes in western Iran, which has been living in the foothills of the Zagros since ancient times and like other tribes, has played a role in the political and military history of Iran. This study aims to clarify the position of the Kalhor tribe in political and military ...
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Kalhor tribe is one of the prominent tribes in western Iran, which has been living in the foothills of the Zagros since ancient times and like other tribes, has played a role in the political and military history of Iran. This study aims to clarify the position of the Kalhor tribe in political and military events in the west of the country by describing and analyzing first-hand source data, local history, and authoritative research texts. It seeks to answer these questions: What were the relations of the Kalhor tribe with the rulers of Iran from the Safavid period to the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar? And what role did this tribe play in the relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire? The findings of the study indicate that the Kalhor tribe had less influence and power in the court of the Safavid kings than the Zanganeh tribe did. The continuous revolts of the Kalhor tribe, especially in the first half of the rule of this dynasty until the reign of Shah Abbas I, led to ignoring the Kalhor leaders by the ruling power. During the Afshari period, due to Nader Shah’s conflicts with the Ottomans and the need for the cooperation of the western tribes, there was a relative improvement in the relations of the Kalhor tribe with the government. In the days of Zandieh dynasty, the elders of the Kalhor tribe played their historical role alongside the central power by helping Karim Khan Zand to achieve the monarchy and establishing family ties with him. The Kalhor tribe played an effective role in the battles of Iran and the Ottoman Empire during the Qajar period and the rule of Mohammad Ali Mirza Dolatshah over Kermanshah until the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar
Nasrollah Salehi
Abstract
The long history of Iran-Ottoman relations witnesses various conflicts and the conclusion of numerous treaties. The second Erzrum agreement was concluded on 1 June 1847 between the two countries. Based on third article of the treaty, a common commission of four countries should be formed and set up delimitation ...
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The long history of Iran-Ottoman relations witnesses various conflicts and the conclusion of numerous treaties. The second Erzrum agreement was concluded on 1 June 1847 between the two countries. Based on third article of the treaty, a common commission of four countries should be formed and set up delimitation between two countries with field investigation. The Ottoman delegation, headed by Darwish Pasha, on the way to the mission to join the commission, before reaching Baghdad, raided the Iranian realm and occupied Qotur. This aggressively action so near formation of delimitation commission has become an important controversy between Iran and the Ottoman. Firstly Iran condemned Darwish Pasha's action and wanted mediators to take responsibility for the elimination of aggression. Occupation of Qotur lasted exactly thirty years, and eventually the Berlin Congress confirmed Iran's legitimacy, and the Ottoman government was forced to return Qotur to Iran. About the the occupation of Qotur and especially the actions of Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshir al-Dawlah during the three years of delimitation mission, no independent research has been carried out yet. The present study, with the historical method and descriptive-analytical approach, relying on the documents, in particular Iran’s Foreign Affairs’ documents answers these questions: What was the Qotur's position and strategical significance? Why was this area occupied by the Ottoman Empire on the eve of the formation of delimitation commission? What was the Iran's politicians actions, especially Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshir al-Dawlah, as Iranian delegate to the delimitation Commission against the occupation of Qotur? The findings of the study show that the three-yearly actions of Mushir al-Dawlah (1268-1265 AH) led mediators to repeatedly condemn the occupation of Qotur and endorse Iran's legitimacy. In fact, Mushir al-Dawlah’s actions became the cornerstone for Iranian diplomats in the decades to come and raise the issue of Qotur’s occupation in the international community. Measures that eventually resulted in the extradition of Qotur after thirty years.
