Iran Local Histories
Mohamadali Nemati; Fazlollah Fouladi
Abstract
During the first Pahlavi era, Iran’s administrative structure underwent a fundamental change. Reza Shah attempted to creat a modern centralized government in a different way, Reza Shah, following the example of the West and with the help of some intellectuals disillusioned with the constitution, ...
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During the first Pahlavi era, Iran’s administrative structure underwent a fundamental change. Reza Shah attempted to creat a modern centralized government in a different way, Reza Shah, following the example of the West and with the help of some intellectuals disillusioned with the constitution, tried to establish a modern and centralized government in a new style.. Due to its strategic significance, Lorestan, received special attention from his government. Lorestan was in a very chaotic state, during the rise of the first Pahlavi, it was almost completely traditional and Illyrian, and orders from the central government had no bearing there. From the time military forces first arived in 1302 until Reza Shah’s reign came to an end, The central government’s initiatives to establish government departments This research seeks to answer the question of how new government departments were established in Lorestan during the Reza Shah period . A descriptive and analytical approach was used to prepared this research, which was based on library sources, newspapers, and documents. The results of this study show that in the first step, the central government gradually relocated tribes and nomads through the use of military force, and through reforms such as land division and road construction, laying the foundation for the establishment of various government departments. In the second step, departments such as the municipality, judiciary, roads and streets, and document registration were established based on wisdom of civilian rulers.
shahram yousefifar; Mohammad Dalvand
Abstract
Reza Shah's renovation program can be considered as a continuation of the demand for fundamental reforms in the constitutional era. These social and economic reform projects were implemented throughout the country, and of course, in some areas, such as Lorestan, due to local requirements, they faced ...
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Reza Shah's renovation program can be considered as a continuation of the demand for fundamental reforms in the constitutional era. These social and economic reform projects were implemented throughout the country, and of course, in some areas, such as Lorestan, due to local requirements, they faced special challenges and obstacles. In addition, in the Lorestan region, the Ili Haro region itself had more special conditions: due to the social unrest in that region, it was more difficult to establish order and security and to carry out modernization measures.In this article, the implementation of Reza Shah's renovation plan in Haro region is examined through a historical study method to answer the question of what were the obstacles to the implementation of the government renovation program in Haro region and how were they removed? The results show that despite the opposition of influential groups in the region (such as Khavanin Beyranvand), the government implemented the renovation program with measures such as general disarmament, road construction, nomadic settlement, deportation of dissidents, establishment of schools and other cases, with authoritarian procedures. Due to the adoption of non-expert methods of renovation program in the Haro region had some unfortunate consequences in the social life of the people.
Shayan Karami; Daryoush Rahmanian
Abstract
Kermanshah was one of the most densely populated areas of royal property in the period of Qajar and First Pahlavi. The main issue of this paper is the clarify of why and how of the form of the royal ownership and the consequences of this type of ownership, on the farming of the Kermanshah region during ...
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Kermanshah was one of the most densely populated areas of royal property in the period of Qajar and First Pahlavi. The main issue of this paper is the clarify of why and how of the form of the royal ownership and the consequences of this type of ownership, on the farming of the Kermanshah region during the first Pahlavi period. The main purpose of the paper is to explain the causes and factors of the emergence and appearance of the royal estate in Kermanshah, during the first Pahlavi period. The present research approach is qualitative. The data were collected from library and library resources based on purposeful sampling and they were analyzed using grounded theory. The findings of the research showed that the main causes and factors were as the following: "Ancient Perspective of Ideology," "The collapse of the Islamic system", "Forces", "Modern system of modernity" and "Basic principles of agriculture", in the formation of the phenomenon of royal property in Kermanshah. The main results and implications of the phenomenon of royal estates in Kermanshah include: changing the pattern of agricultural and commercial development, establishing agricultural schools and specialized knowledge of land exploitation, establishing Shahabad sugar mill (Islamabad), Damming, developing irrigation network and agricultural mechanization.
Morteza Mirdar; Javad Arabani; Mojtaba Soltani Ahmadi
Abstract
Reza Shah ruled over Iran for 16 years (1925- 1941). The fundamental shift in the status of land ownership system was, in comparison with previous eras, the most important feature of the era of his reign. Such an extensive shift was unprecedented before Reza Shah’s reign. As a matter of fact, land, ...
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Reza Shah ruled over Iran for 16 years (1925- 1941). The fundamental shift in the status of land ownership system was, in comparison with previous eras, the most important feature of the era of his reign. Such an extensive shift was unprecedented before Reza Shah’s reign. As a matter of fact, land, land ownership, and landlord classes played very important roles in sociopolitical developments of previous eras. However, Reza Shah did not have landlord ancestors. Due to the extensiveness of Reza Shah’s lands and properties, the Office of Royal Properties was established in order to handle the affairs of these properties. Initiatives associated with the activities of Office of Royal Properties resulted in some modernizations in northern regions of Iran, especially in Mazandaran Province; nevertheless, these initiatives led to severe violation of people’s rights in those regions. The present research is focused on specifying Reza Shah’s motivations and methodologies which enabled him to seize and register extensive properties in Mazandaran for himself during his reign.
Nosrat Khatoun Alavi
Abstract
Saravan city socio-political situation during Qajar and Pahlavi dynasties is one of the major issues in the contemporary history of Iran which has been less studied. Saravanis one of the southeastern cities of Iran which got the attention of European countries during their competition over the ...
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Saravan city socio-political situation during Qajar and Pahlavi dynasties is one of the major issues in the contemporary history of Iran which has been less studied. Saravanis one of the southeastern cities of Iran which got the attention of European countries during their competition over the control and domination of India. The importance of Saravan in the contemporary era has mostly appeared during the determination of Balochistan border since disagreements over the ownership of Kuhak and Esfandak areas was one of the subject matter since disagreements over the ownership of Kuhak and Esfandak areas was one of the subject matter that made Iran and Britain negotiations difficult. After 21 February 1921 coup d'état and subsequent formation of the regular army, the government partially realized Balochistan. After eradication of the local governments by Reza Shah in Balochistan to prevail security and order barracks gradually were created. The main question of the current research is that what was the role of Saravan in the socio-political occurrence, border disputes and Iran's delineation in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods? The findings of this study indicate that the borderline and geographic location of Saravan area and adjacent to the Indian subcontinent and socio-political relationships have been very important for the British government.Furthermore, the significance of Saravan for the Qajar and Pahlavi governments has made it to one of the most important regions of the country and due to the power of the rulers of this region and the event occurred in this period, has got the attention of the central government. The present study is conducted by using a descriptive-analytical method and based on library materials as well as documents from the National Archives to assess the history of Saravan in the period of Qajar and Pahlavi governments.
Ali Naderianfar; Seyyed Alireza Abtahi; Soheila Torabi Farsani
Abstract
After the rise of Reza Shah to power and adoption of a policy of centralization, many attempts were made to establish the authority of the central government throughout Iran, including Baluchestan. These attempts, however, were challenged by local governments. One of the challenges was posed by Doust ...
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After the rise of Reza Shah to power and adoption of a policy of centralization, many attempts were made to establish the authority of the central government throughout Iran, including Baluchestan. These attempts, however, were challenged by local governments. One of the challenges was posed by Doust Mohammad Khan Barakzai and Juma Khan Ismailzahi's rebellion in the years 1928 and 1940 AD. The questions this study aims to tackle include: what was the main reason behind the insurgency of this Baluch commander and how was it suppressed? The subject will be investigated through a historical analysis and using a descriptive-analytical method based on archived and classified documents from 1928 to 1940 AH. The findings of the research indicated that, unlike other movements of the time, such as the rebellion of Sheikh Khazal in Khuzestan, Gilan, and Azerbaijan, the rebellion of Doust Mohammad Khan Barakzai and Juma Khan Ismailzai there was no color and smell of separation and independence movement and their efforts were due to the domination of foreigners, especially the UK, the mistreatment of military personnel with the people of the Region and the expansion of their political and economic authority. A careful look at the implications of the documents under review showed that the main reason for the failure of Khan Baluch movement was the lack of understanding of the late Qajar and early Pahlavi statesmen, especially Reza Shah.
Masoud Adinehvand; Hassan Zandiyeh
Volume 6, . , March 2018, , Pages 135-152
Abstract
In 1927A.D, in Tarahān area at Lorestan, a rebellion took place against Reza Shah in which the natives surrounded the commander of the west division, brigadier general Shah-bakhti. Ali Mohammad Khan Ghazanfari (Amir Azam), son of Nazar Ali Khan, was the leader of this rebellion, which was the last major ...
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In 1927A.D, in Tarahān area at Lorestan, a rebellion took place against Reza Shah in which the natives surrounded the commander of the west division, brigadier general Shah-bakhti. Ali Mohammad Khan Ghazanfari (Amir Azam), son of Nazar Ali Khan, was the leader of this rebellion, which was the last major one in Lorestan against the government forces. That was because of government’s attempt to establish tyranny, the military commanders’ brusqurie in implementing some programs such as unarming, compulsory settling, and neglecting the attitudes of tribes of Lorestan. These had caused some sort of fear and hatred of the army and the government among the tribes of the area which, in turn, leading to rebellions including ones that occurred at Tarahān. In this study, we shall analyze the previously mentioned event. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature, the context, the causes, the consequences and the fate of the rebellion of Tarahān. The results show that the outrageous behaviors of army commanders towards tribes and natives’ fear of the supremacy of military forces, some efforts to preserve the local authority and various family disputes among the local rulers were the main causes of the rebellion. These led the rebellion into defeat, made AmirAzam give up, and at the end, the army captured the area.
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Volume 6, . , March 2018, , Pages 153-166
Abstract
The high position and capacity of the official education in nationalization project led the Reza Shah’s government to have a special look at developing education.Since one of the major purposes of this institute was improving and spreading Persian language as a salient factor in nationalism and ...
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The high position and capacity of the official education in nationalization project led the Reza Shah’s government to have a special look at developing education.Since one of the major purposes of this institute was improving and spreading Persian language as a salient factor in nationalism and strengthening of national unity, the spread and establishment of educational institutes had a cardinal importance in tribal and minority districts. The purpose of this study is to know the reasons and the response of local people of Kurdistan to the development of public schools. In this regard, it has been attempted to answer the following questions with descriptive-analytical method and by exploring archival documents: What was the quality of administering the Pahlavi government’s educational policies? What role did military commanders play in the establishment of schools and the development of education in Kurdistan? How did common groups welcome new schools and what was the opinion of people towards the aforementioned schools? The chief hypothesis of this study is that the religious beliefs and traditional context of society, and the use of force and coercion led to the lack of welcoming new schools by people. Findings of the research also show that some other factors such as the appointment of non-native teachers, and the need for teaching lessons in Persian, the awful economic and livelihood condition of the residents, lack of consistency between the school textbooks and needs of society and etc. also have contributed to these events.
Soraya kornokar; Zarife Kazemi
Volume 5, Issue 9 , March 2017, , Pages 125-138
Abstract
Reza Shah came to throne in Iran when the government of Iran was faced with the political and military weakness and also was the plaything of the powers of the north and south of the country, namely Russia and Britain. The tribes in the region had its own power and influence. Reza Khan, since the establishment ...
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Reza Shah came to throne in Iran when the government of Iran was faced with the political and military weakness and also was the plaything of the powers of the north and south of the country, namely Russia and Britain. The tribes in the region had its own power and influence. Reza Khan, since the establishment of the Ministry of War, was aware of these issues and attempted for the formation of a strong central rule. To create such a condition, he inevitably decreased state power. This issue was coincidence with the implementation of the disarmament, suppression, intimidation, exile and Takhteh Qapu of the rebel states. But since the obedience to such decrees was difficult for the tribes, they began to revolt against the time government. Among these tribes, was the Beyranvand tribe of Lorestan who had a key role in the riots against the government of the Qajar and Pahlavi. to achieve his goals, Reza Shah devoted a lot of time to suppress the tribe. Finally, they have no choice but to capitulate to the demands of the government.
This cross-sectional study, through a descriptive-analytic approach, intends to examines how the anti-tribal policies of Reza Shah and tribal struggles of Lorestan, particularly the Beyranvand tribe, deal with the government officers.
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Volume 3, Issue 3 , February 2015, , Pages 52-66
Abstract
Over the course of twenty years of the reign of Reza Shah in Iran some measures were taken to modernize society that among the tribes, especially tribes of Lorestan province, nomadic tribes suffered the most changes. Reza Shah, regardless of the foundations of economic, cultural, military and governing ...
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Over the course of twenty years of the reign of Reza Shah in Iran some measures were taken to modernize society that among the tribes, especially tribes of Lorestan province, nomadic tribes suffered the most changes. Reza Shah, regardless of the foundations of economic, cultural, military and governing traditional nomadic society, decided to deal with these traditions. He first suppressed tribal revolts then disarmed them by force and forced to settle the nomads and imposed on them urban culture and traditions. Implementation of this policy is to disregard the requirements of tribal and nomadic life and lack of progress plan and in the operation field incorrect understanding of untrained performers who often took bribes and they were violent, led them to a serious failure tribal government policy of Pahlavi among nomadic Lor tribes. This paper examines how the political and military goals of his policies on traditional nomadic society of Lorestan were performed and identification and assessment of the consequences of these policies on the nomadic tribal communities of Lorestan, has been studied.
Volume 1, Issue 1 , September 2012, , Pages 86-105
Abstract
Abstract
In Sistan province Land has always been one of the most important factors of historical events and changes, so that during the centuries it has caused an ancient, consistent, everlasting landholding system conforming to the environmental, social and economic situations. This process had continued ...
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Abstract
In Sistan province Land has always been one of the most important factors of historical events and changes, so that during the centuries it has caused an ancient, consistent, everlasting landholding system conforming to the environmental, social and economic situations. This process had continued to Naser-al-dinshah time in the beginning of his era, lands of Sistan have been announced as properties owned by the government and were rented to the military generals and tribal chiefs (special tenants). With this change all different kinds of ownerships were deleted. This method had practiced till 1311 of solar year (1932), but in that year by the government order some changes have been made in that method and lands of Sistan were announced as rental shares and were given to the native residents of Sistan province (public tenants). This method of tenancy had governed the land system of that area for 5 years from 1311-1316 (1932-1937). In 1316 (1937) the cabinet had approved the law of selling the lands of Sistan province, but this action had not ended the problems of lands and regional quarrels and had some consequences. Those endeavors had coincided the government’s efforts to reduce the power of military general landholders. In general the changes of land ownership in Sistan in Pahlavi I era can be categorized in three periods; tenancy, managing, and private. In this essay it has been tried to answer these questions: Why land reforms were made by Pahlavi I? What were the backgrounds and basis of land reform? What were the consequences of land reform and how the roles of land holders in the changes of this period are analyzed?
