Iran Local Histories
sasan Tahmasbi; Sayyed Saheb Barzin
Abstract
The historical province of Fars was considered as one of the centers of Sunnis before the establishment of the Safavid government, and most of its people were Sunni Shafii but during the Safavid era, Shiism overcame Sunnism in that region, and only in some parts of the southern part of the current province ...
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The historical province of Fars was considered as one of the centers of Sunnis before the establishment of the Safavid government, and most of its people were Sunni Shafii but during the Safavid era, Shiism overcame Sunnism in that region, and only in some parts of the southern part of the current province of Fars and the coasts and islands of the Persian Gulf, Sunnis kept their religion. Having used historical-descriptive method, the paper is going to answer the question of how was the process of the expansion of Shiism in Fars during the Safavid era and what tools and strategies did the Safavid government use to promote Shiism. Research findings show that the conversion of Fars people to Shiism was gradual and combined with Taqiya (precautionary dissimulation). Shah Ismail I mainly resorted to negative and violent methods, but Shah Tahmasp took more advantage of positive and encouraging methods and consolidated the position of Shiism in Fars. However the events of the reign of Shah Ismail II and Shah Muhammad Khudabanda showed that a large part of the people of Fars have not yet been converted to Shiism, or that their conversion was not reliable. When Shah Abbas I took over, the situation changed in favor of Shiism, and until the end of the Safavid period, it experienced an expanding process, and if the Safavid government had continued a little longer, it was most likely that at least in the current Fars province, Sunnism gave way to Shiism..
Iran Local Histories
amin davoodi; ghobad mansourbakht
Abstract
Sharafnameh by Bidlisi holds a special place as one of the significant sources of local Iranian historiography, focusing on the history of Kurdish emirs. This work is the first historiographical source that specifically addresses the Kurds and their connection to the history of Iran. Bidlisi, with his ...
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Sharafnameh by Bidlisi holds a special place as one of the significant sources of local Iranian historiography, focusing on the history of Kurdish emirs. This work is the first historiographical source that specifically addresses the Kurds and their connection to the history of Iran. Bidlisi, with his theoretical and practical experience in the bureaucracy of Safavid Iran, offers an objective and historical understanding of the concept of Iran. The main research question is: What is the concept of Iran in Bidlisi’s Sharafnameh, and how is it defined or represented? This research, employing the method of conceptual history, demonstrates that Bidlisi possessed a historical understanding of the land, ethnic groups, and people of Iran, and he perceives and narrates the Kurds within the framework of Iranian history. Despite his presence at the Ottoman court and minor criticisms of the Safavids, he consistently spoke from the perspective of historical understanding and the requirements of Iran. He narrated the history of the Kurdish emirs in relation to the grand narrative of Iran and the “centralized Iranian monarchy,” presenting a concept of Iran that was “trans-ethnic” and “trans-religious,” which is significant in examining the history of the “concept of Iran.”
Iran Local Histories
Yaser Mollazaei
Abstract
During the reign of the Safavid’s Iran, a new chapter in Iran-Europe relations was established in various political, economic, and cultural dimensions. The collection of geographical information about Iran by Europeans was one of the most significant outcomes of the expanding relations between ...
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During the reign of the Safavid’s Iran, a new chapter in Iran-Europe relations was established in various political, economic, and cultural dimensions. The collection of geographical information about Iran by Europeans was one of the most significant outcomes of the expanding relations between Iran and Europe during this historical period. This effort not only appeared in written records but also manifested in the production of geographical maps. Olearius's travelogue about Iran, including a geographical map of Iran appended to it, is one of the most prominent examples of European efforts to acquire geographical knowledge about Safavid’s Iran. In this geographical map, alongside references to various human and natural phenomena, a natural feature named "Lake Babacamber" was located in the northern part of the Khorasan province. In this context, the central question of the article is: What is the historical origin of the name Babacamber attributed to a lake in Khorasan, and why did Olearius use this name to identify the lake? This research aimed to answer this question through a library-based approach, employing a comparative and analytical method to examine historical and geographical data reflected in local chronicles, lesser-known manuscripts, historical maps, geographical writings, literary works, historiography, and European geographical encyclopedias. This article's assessment reveals that although the location of the lake on Olearius's map encounters minor discrepancies, a comparative and analytical approach shows that the lake in question is indeed Saryqamysh Lake, located between the Khwarezm Lake and the Caspian Sea. Olearius chose the name Baba Qanbar for it. Comparing Olearius's chosen name with a range of historical sources, including local chronicles, lesser-known manuscripts, historical maps, geographical writings, literary works, historiography, and European geographical encyclopedias, demonstrates that the name Baba Qanbar on Olearius’s map refers to one of the servants and attendants of Imam Ali (AS), named Qanbar, who, along with his descendants, lived in Khorasan for some time. According to historical evidence, Qanbar and his descendants gained significant social status in Khorasan, to the point that some mosques in Khorasan were named after Qanbar and his family. Due to Qanbar's religious and social stature, his name found its way into various historical, literary, and religious texts. A prominent example of this is the addition of the Sufi prefix "Baba" to his name, which is even reflected in Olearius's map. Because of Qanbar's social and religious fame in Khorasan, it provided a basis for cartographers like Adam Olearius to name the lake in the northern part of Khorasan province Baba Qanbar.
Mohammadiali Parghoo; Vali Dinparast; Alireza Karimi; Khalil Mohammadi
Abstract
During the reign of Murad III, the Ottoman government attacked Iran in 986 AH / 1578 AD due to the weakness of the Safavids. The consequence of their invasion after 12 years of war was the separation of a much of the western part of the country, including Tabriz. During the First Istanbul Treaty, ...
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During the reign of Murad III, the Ottoman government attacked Iran in 986 AH / 1578 AD due to the weakness of the Safavids. The consequence of their invasion after 12 years of war was the separation of a much of the western part of the country, including Tabriz. During the First Istanbul Treaty, Tabriz and a considerable portion of Azerbaijan formally joined the Ottoman state. The Ottomans tried to permanently annex the occupied areas to their territory.
by building or repairing the forts in the first step, and appointing "Beyglerbeyg", "Qazi" and "Daftardar" for these areas in the second step. Shah Abbas I’s rise to power led to a complete change in political equations between the two states; accordingly, the course of events led to reclaiming of the lost areas through a series of military operations.
The developments in Tabriz and Azerbaijan during their occupation are completely unknown to IraniansBecause neither Safavid historians nor later Iranian scholars not paid attention to them. Therefore, the main approach of this article is to clarify the behavior of the Ottomans towards the people of the occupied areas and, in turn, the behavior of the people towards Ottoman agents. This research has been prepared based on the documents of the Ottoman Empire, in particular, "Daftarhaye Muhimme". In the present study, in a descriptive-analytical manner, using Ottoman-Iranian sources, a brief explanation of this ambiguous point in the country's history has been given.
ghorbanali kenarodi
Abstract
The local family of Rooz Afzoon in the shelter of Swadkoh’s castles and forests, and the adherence to Sadat Marashi's government and military service to them, managed to rule over Suzdok and parts of Eastern Mazandaran for more than a century. Two of the most prominent rulers of this family, ...
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The local family of Rooz Afzoon in the shelter of Swadkoh’s castles and forests, and the adherence to Sadat Marashi's government and military service to them, managed to rule over Suzdok and parts of Eastern Mazandaran for more than a century. Two of the most prominent rulers of this family, Agha Rostam and Agha Mohammad Rooz Afzoon, have governed simultaneously by the formation and strengthening of the Safavids in Iran. The Safavids, through the implementation of the policy of creating divisions and launching a civil war among local rulers, began to increase the influence of the central government and reduce the power of local rulers. As a result of this policy, the Marashhian religious power in Mazandaran has weakened and the local clan has increasingly fallen. With regard to the historical aspects of the problem and the purpose of the research, this article tries to appropriately answer to the following question by applying historical research method with an emphasis on analyzing the data of sources: "What was he process of formation and expansion of the growing local family of Rooz Afzoon in Mazandaran and the causes of their fall.
