Ahad Mehraban nezhad Kelageri; Alireza Karimi; Vali Dinparast; Hosein Mir Jafari
Abstract
The eighth century historiography of Mazandaran is a reflection of the efforts of the Marashi dynasty in order to show events upside down and distorted. This kind of writing and attitude was republished by historians in later centuries. Therefore, the repetition of this method in historiography led to ...
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The eighth century historiography of Mazandaran is a reflection of the efforts of the Marashi dynasty in order to show events upside down and distorted. This kind of writing and attitude was republished by historians in later centuries. Therefore, the repetition of this method in historiography led to the "dominant narrative. The lack of attention of historians after Mirzahir to the details of the events presented by historians of the Timurid government and the author of the history of Royan led to the formation of a one-sided narrative on the history of the thirteen-year events of Mazandaran. A conception in which all sins are imposed on the Chalavi dynasty and the Marashians show their innocence. Based on data from all historical sources, it can be said that the founder of the Marashian government did not play a role less than Afrasiab Chalavi in the thirteen-year events of Mazandaran. Undoubtedly, he, who was involved in this series of events, eliminated other competitors with aexact plan. At the same time that the Marashi government was carrying out its political actions did not neglect its propaganda activities, but by fabricating a false story, it put all guilts the thirteen-year-old events on the shoulders of the defeated enemies. The ultimate goal of this propaganda was to discredit the opponents and create a charming image of the founder of the Marashi government. This distortion is fully reflected in the book of the history of Tabarestan by Marashi and was unequivocally accepted by historians of later centuries.
shahram yousefifar; Masoumeh yadollahpour arabi
Abstract
Qajar dynasty Paid special attention to crown land as one kind of historical government landholding in Mazandaran region because of its unique natural position. According to Financial and official policies, government adopted different measures in crown lands (khalisa) including (increase or decrease) ...
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Qajar dynasty Paid special attention to crown land as one kind of historical government landholding in Mazandaran region because of its unique natural position. According to Financial and official policies, government adopted different measures in crown lands (khalisa) including (increase or decrease) and this has a great impact on landholding matters in that region. In this survey, the state of crown lands (khalisa) in Mazandaran during Qajar reign has been considered in terms of government Policy and its legal, economical and social consequences. The thesis question Follows as: how was the government policy in crown land affairs in Mazandaran? Why has the government performance changed periodically? What was its social and economical effects? Analysis of relevant data shows that the state of crown land in Mazandaran exposed to changes depending on general conditions. In the first half of Qajar dynasty, the policy of increasing area (in different ways) and variety of crown lands were adopted. Then in various reasons, The process of decreasing crown lands in different ways including has been accelerated in middle and late period. In this survey, the required data has collected from relevant references including first and second hand historical references and archives documents) and has analyzed in a qualitative way. Then prevailing patterns on process of changing crown lands have been extracted. The outcome of present survey not only represents a pattern for land holding history studies in Iran, but also introduces new field of study connected to this subject.
Morteza Mirdar; Javad Arabani; Mojtaba Soltani Ahmadi
Abstract
Reza Shah ruled over Iran for 16 years (1925- 1941). The fundamental shift in the status of land ownership system was, in comparison with previous eras, the most important feature of the era of his reign. Such an extensive shift was unprecedented before Reza Shah’s reign. As a matter of fact, land, ...
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Reza Shah ruled over Iran for 16 years (1925- 1941). The fundamental shift in the status of land ownership system was, in comparison with previous eras, the most important feature of the era of his reign. Such an extensive shift was unprecedented before Reza Shah’s reign. As a matter of fact, land, land ownership, and landlord classes played very important roles in sociopolitical developments of previous eras. However, Reza Shah did not have landlord ancestors. Due to the extensiveness of Reza Shah’s lands and properties, the Office of Royal Properties was established in order to handle the affairs of these properties. Initiatives associated with the activities of Office of Royal Properties resulted in some modernizations in northern regions of Iran, especially in Mazandaran Province; nevertheless, these initiatives led to severe violation of people’s rights in those regions. The present research is focused on specifying Reza Shah’s motivations and methodologies which enabled him to seize and register extensive properties in Mazandaran for himself during his reign.
Seyyed Hassan Hosseini; Javad Abbasi
Abstract
With the establishment of the Ismaili government in central Alborz in Alamut, a new neighboring power for the local and archaic communities in Mazandaran emerged that affected the regional power and territorial sovereignty of this local dynasty. This article answers the question of what factors influenced ...
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With the establishment of the Ismaili government in central Alborz in Alamut, a new neighboring power for the local and archaic communities in Mazandaran emerged that affected the regional power and territorial sovereignty of this local dynasty. This article answers the question of what factors influenced the relationship between the two local powers? The results show that the political and religious struggles of these two governments in the fifth to seventh centuries AH created more relations based on competition and hostility between them. The evolution of relations between these two governments was influenced by different factors and conditions. These factors included the desire to expand or retain territory, ideological and religious differences, the influence of third powers such as the Seljuks and Mongols, the asylum seeking of the members of ruling family, and the use of Ismaili opposition killing policy. The present article seeks to highlight these factors using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a more detailed and coherent perspective on the relationship between these two important regional powers in the fifth to seventh centuries AH.
Esmail Hasanzadeh
Abstract
During the 231 years of its rule in the city of Gilan, the kayaians passed many ups and down in relation with local and regional government. Policies were adopted at each stage in accordance with the political and social needs of both internal and external. One of these periods was the period of Karkia ...
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During the 231 years of its rule in the city of Gilan, the kayaians passed many ups and down in relation with local and regional government. Policies were adopted at each stage in accordance with the political and social needs of both internal and external. One of these periods was the period of Karkia Mirza Ali ruling, which coincided with the collapse of the rule of Aq Qoyunlu. This simultaneously led to Karkia Mirza Ali’s departure from the traditional foreign policy of the family of citizenship toward the central government of Iran and the adoption of an aggressive opposition policy. Using these main sources and analyzing the historical narratives, this paper seeks to explain the impact of reform on internal instability and the causes of the failure of an aggressive antipolitic policy towards Aq Qoyunlu. The coincidence of the implementation of internal reforms with the adoption of a new foreign policy led to intensification or the rivalry within the kayaian dynasty. Several Karkia Mirza Ali’s defeats in foreign policy, including the Marashian of Mazandaran, Aq Qoyunlu and other local governments, led to the loss of part of their traditional territory. These failures stagnated internal dissenters to exacerbate their opposition. Eventually, Karkia Mirza Ali was defeated and killed by a riot inside the house. His killing led the kayaian government into traditional politics of nationality form the central government of Iran.
Zahra nadi; Mohsen Beheshtiseresht; Zekrolah Mohammadi; Bagherali Adelfar
Volume 6, . , March 2018, , Pages 79-92
Abstract
The growth of capitalism in Iran and the dependence on the world market in the nineteenth century led to various spheres of economic and social in country influenced by the developments of the West and the global system during this period. This dependency also changed the agricultural sector as well ...
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The growth of capitalism in Iran and the dependence on the world market in the nineteenth century led to various spheres of economic and social in country influenced by the developments of the West and the global system during this period. This dependency also changed the agricultural sector as well and led to the growth of commercial agriculture. In this research, It has been tried to use the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the theory of dependent development and the use of archival documents, to be answered to this question that What is the effect of growing commercial agriculture on land ownership system in Mazandaran? After reviewing and analyzing data and documents, this result was obtained that the growth of commercial agriculture has led to the importance of land and land management profitability and the cultivation of monetary products in nineteenth-century in Iran. This led to the tendency of the non-temperate classes of society, including traders, government officials and even foreigners to own land and agriculture. These people joined to the landowner class of the community to purchasing multiple lands and provided the ground for the expansion of private property and the master's Relationship. The growing need for arable land and the desire to expand personal property, Led to some action to lease land and even capture forcible of farmers' lands and minor owners of local that this issue, as the new landlord develops in Mazandaran, led to the landless many native farmers.
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Volume 5, . , March 2017, , Pages 97-110
Abstract
The land of Tabarestan is one of the areas that its appellation and geographical bounderies have been the subject of controversy. This title of formaly was used commonly through pre- Islamic period and part of the Islamic era (until the end of 8th century AH). From this time on, it was replaced ...
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The land of Tabarestan is one of the areas that its appellation and geographical bounderies have been the subject of controversy. This title of formaly was used commonly through pre- Islamic period and part of the Islamic era (until the end of 8th century AH). From this time on, it was replaced by the word ‘Mazandaran’, due to unclear reasons. The change in the name and sign of this strategic area is important for the purpose of this paper in terms of the importance of history and local identity. Mazandaran which for long time was used along with Tabarestan took its place instead .Changes for the name of this strategic region in terms of history importance and local identity is an important question that this essay is considered. This article is done by a descriptive – analytical approach, and considering to the history of Tabarestan and its political, cultural, and social nature study the replacement of Mazandaran title for geographical proximity of the case. Research results show that the Tabarestan appellation is more compatible with its current inhabitants than Mazandaran name with its geographical features. The political range of this geographical area, particularly during the Islamic period, has fluctuated, due to the reasons such as family rivalries, internal conflicts, and the expansionism of the rulers.
