Bagher Adelfar; Alie Javanmardi
Abstract
The Caspian Sea gradually experienced a new position in the Qajar era. The signing of the Turkmenchay Agreement and its commercial annexation further strengthened the position of Russian businessmen in Iran. After concluding a contract and following the actions of the Russians, much security and commercial ...
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The Caspian Sea gradually experienced a new position in the Qajar era. The signing of the Turkmenchay Agreement and its commercial annexation further strengthened the position of Russian businessmen in Iran. After concluding a contract and following the actions of the Russians, much security and commercial development was established in the Caspian Sea. Iran's rich resources of agricultural products including rice led to attract the attention of Russia. The main question is what is the position of northern rice in trade between Iran and Russia in this period? And what was the importance of the rice trade in the economic relations between Iran and Russia? Therefore, this research seeks to elucidate the position of rice trade in the northern regions of Iran in Iran-Russia trade relations during of the Qajar period according to library references and archival documents. Our research findings show due to Russia's proximity to Iran and the existence of the Caspian Sea waterway and the need of both countries for each other's products and materials have led to the development of trade between Iran and Russia. One of the trade items of Iran that had a good position in the trade relations between Iran and Russia was rice. At first, it was sufficient for internal consumption, but after the disease found in silkworms, the production of this product multiplied and replaced with silk. Although trade in this product fluctuated during times such as the famine and the October Revolution in Russia, as well as World War I, but the trade in this product continued.
JALIL GHASSABIGAZKOUH; Hadi Valkili; yosef motavali.haghighi
Abstract
Mashhad as a center of Khorasan province was of great economic and commercial importance; as far as it can be considered as a large port in northeastern Iran for import and export of goods. Because of the good commercial status of Mashhad, some of Russia and Governmental merchants proceed to build the ...
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Mashhad as a center of Khorasan province was of great economic and commercial importance; as far as it can be considered as a large port in northeastern Iran for import and export of goods. Because of the good commercial status of Mashhad, some of Russia and Governmental merchants proceed to build the firms, commercial offices and companies in Mashhad. The aim of this study is to answer to two main questions: 1) what were the factors affecting the trade between Mashhad and Russia and the problems facing this trade from 1304 to 1344 AH? 2) which Russian trading companies entered into Mashhad trade in the time period in question and traded in which goods? Despite the lack of references about this study and the need for a detailed study with a descriptive-analytical approach, the findings indicate that establishment of Trans-Caspian Railway, dispatching Russian commercial staffs to mashhad and the activities of Russian consulates in Mashhad are some factors affecting trade between mashhad and Russia. And according to boycott of the Russian goods, insecurity and restrictions of Russian traders at Mashhad during the late Qajar, some firms such as Iral, Makrowich, Frank, Noble, Khloopkem, Stuackin, Venshtorg and Cantero Sayus imported oil, food, commodities and luxury goods and Russia firms supplied raw material for themselves
Reza Sha’abani; sina forouzesh; laleh erfani namin
Abstract
The effort of one of the strategic regions of Iran, located in the west of the Caspian Sea, has been very effective in determining the political borders due to its special position. Simultaneously with the extinction of the Safavids, most landowners, in an effort to protect their own interests, turned ...
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The effort of one of the strategic regions of Iran, located in the west of the Caspian Sea, has been very effective in determining the political borders due to its special position. Simultaneously with the extinction of the Safavids, most landowners, in an effort to protect their own interests, turned to the Russian government. After Nader Shah Afshar, a suitable ground was prepared for the formation of independent and semi-independent khanates, and during the reign of Karim Khan Zand, due to the peace in the borders, the Khans had unstable relations with the Russians. During the Qajar period, and especially at the same time with the conclusion of the Golestan and Turkmenchay treaties, which led to the division of the Talesh region, the position of the Khans towards Russia became more apparent. What are the reasons for the growing presence of Russians in the region and the turning away from the Iranian government in the political dispute between Iran and Russia? Attention to the level of power, domination and supervision of the then government of Iran in the effort on the one hand and the expansionist policy of Peter the Great on the other hand caused the Russians to pay unprecedented attention to the readers of the effort. According to the findings of the present study, this change of position has been affected by the conditions of colonial development in the world, the readers' sense of independence and lack of military and political supporters by the Iranian government. The present article seeks to investigate the political behaviors of the readers of Talesh in the Qajar period following the Iran-Russia wars and its impact on the outcome of the war using a descriptive-analytical method.
