JALIL GHASSABIGAZKOUH; Hadi Valkili; yosef motavali.haghighi
Abstract
Mashhad as a center of Khorasan province was of great economic and commercial importance; as far as it can be considered as a large port in northeastern Iran for import and export of goods. Because of the good commercial status of Mashhad, some of Russia and Governmental merchants proceed to build the ...
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Mashhad as a center of Khorasan province was of great economic and commercial importance; as far as it can be considered as a large port in northeastern Iran for import and export of goods. Because of the good commercial status of Mashhad, some of Russia and Governmental merchants proceed to build the firms, commercial offices and companies in Mashhad. The aim of this study is to answer to two main questions: 1) what were the factors affecting the trade between Mashhad and Russia and the problems facing this trade from 1304 to 1344 AH? 2) which Russian trading companies entered into Mashhad trade in the time period in question and traded in which goods? Despite the lack of references about this study and the need for a detailed study with a descriptive-analytical approach, the findings indicate that establishment of Trans-Caspian Railway, dispatching Russian commercial staffs to mashhad and the activities of Russian consulates in Mashhad are some factors affecting trade between mashhad and Russia. And according to boycott of the Russian goods, insecurity and restrictions of Russian traders at Mashhad during the late Qajar, some firms such as Iral, Makrowich, Frank, Noble, Khloopkem, Stuackin, Venshtorg and Cantero Sayus imported oil, food, commodities and luxury goods and Russia firms supplied raw material for themselves
Mazhar Advay; Ali Nazemian Fard; Hadi Valkili
Abstract
In the last decade of Qajar rule, due to the presence of Ottoman citizens and the extensive transfer of citizenship from Shahbandari to Kurdistan, it was considered as one of the most insecure provinces in Iran. In fact, the decisive support of the Ottoman government from its citizens and the problems ...
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In the last decade of Qajar rule, due to the presence of Ottoman citizens and the extensive transfer of citizenship from Shahbandari to Kurdistan, it was considered as one of the most insecure provinces in Iran. In fact, the decisive support of the Ottoman government from its citizens and the problems brought about by them led to a situation in which even the commissions held for the settlement of border issues between the two countries in Kurdistan region, addressed the issue of citizen and it was accounted as commonplace issue at all meetings of the commission. But on the 15rd muharram in 1332/14 december 1913, Kurdistan official departments and its headquarters were attacked and looted simultaneously by some groups of people. Despite the wide presence of Ottoman citizens in the neighborhoods, the looted offices and houses, and its confirmation in local reports, the Ottoman government denied its citizens involvement in the incident and called looters Iranians. Regarding the above mentioned discussions, the question arise that what were the basic grounds and subsequent consequences of the attack on the Kurdistan government departments? The present article attempt to use the descriptive-analytical method and two research modes in the social history approach, namely, "techniques for enhancing the example quotation (resorting to certification of specialists)"and “comparable cases comparison”, to analyze the incident and the groups participating therein by drawing on the documents of the State Department (300 pages file) and the Organization of documents.
