An Analysis of Economic and Cultural Challenges for the Establishment
of Constitutionalism in Kashan
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2017
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This paper will examine economic and religious challenges that existed in Kashan which must be dealt with in creation of a constitutional structure. Kashan economic context, in which the new system would be deployed, was the heir of unorganized economic situation of Iran in the Qajar era that made accepting the new system more difficult. In the Qajar era, Kashan was a static society with strict religious beliefs that did not accept constitution and modern system.Two letters essays of “Kalamāt-e Anjoman” and “Resāley-e Ensāfiye” for reconciling Constitution with Islam to accept the new system. This study was done by using archival records, manuscript & original sources to answer this hypothesis that: “economic and cultural situation of Kashan had affected the acceptance of the constitution in the Qajar era”. The findings of this study have indicated that the deteriorating economic situation of Kashan in the Qajar era was a major challenge in the way of accepting the new system. Cultural situation of the city and its static structure were cultural challenges for establishing modern system. Writing essays by scholars of Kashan to prove compliance of the constitution with Islam is evaluated as a mean to help establishing the new system in Kashan. In this paper, the two aforementioned challenges and ways out of it are analyzed.
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2017
9
26
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4059_4b81319d1c32124325670d772526b287.pdf
The Role of Ali-Reza Khan Garrūsi in Accompany With and Opposition Against the Constitutionalism
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2017
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Ali-Reza Khan Garrūsi was born in Bijar of Garrūs city in 1260 (AH). At the age of 15, he joined the government profession and about 54 years, he served in different military and government positions. When he was 18 years old he came to power of Garrūsi rule, but due to his lack of adequate experience, he disposed his position and thereafter, he started his position in military profession. From 1300 to 1329 (AH), he was frequently appointed ruler of Garrūs and during those period of times, he attempted seriously to promote Garrūs status, but in what fields he attempted and to what extent his efforts were effective are the considerable issues the current study is dealing with. Despite the fact that Ali-Reza Khan was a tyranny, with the beginning of the constitutionalism and due to the time political necessities, he changed into a constitutionalist, but in 1329 (AH) he unexpectedly changed his mind and became against constitutionalism and constitutionalists as well and joined to Salar al-Dowleh Qajar who had revolted against the Constitutional Revolution to suppress it. He, by performing this doubtful act, made the public confused about his thoughts and behavior as well. The present paper, based on the reliable documents and resources, intends to study Ali-Reza Khan’s personality as an influential figure in both great national and regional events of the Qajar period, on or after the constitutionalism.
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2017
27
46
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4060_cbc2dbd13dcf4bce662e4e7c80b3580f.pdf
A Review of Previous Ideas and a Few New Suggestions on the Appellation, Dating of Settlement and History
of the Construction of Kermanshah City
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2017
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The numerous evidences and remaining precious monuments show the importance of Kermanshah city during the pre-Islamic period, especially in the Sassanid era. However, there are still a lot of ambiguities about many issues related to this city, including the establishment of the past, the exact date of construction, the original name of the city in the Sassanid era or before it, and the appellation of this name. Archaeological excavations of the area have not been able to solve this problem so far, because of the inadequacy of excavations in comparison with the considerable size of the Sassanid remains of the city, and therefore, efforts have been made to discover inscriptions and evidences that could solve this problem have been inconclusive. Over the last century, based on the writings of previous historians, some ideas, have been combined with speculation about the name of the city of Kermanshah during the pre-Islamic period. Some scholars have done efforts, on the basis of the many texts remaining from the Islamic era, to find the roots of the city's name. Despite all the efforts made by various researchers, who have been studying more of the available resources, including Persian, Arabic and western classical texts, some shortcomings are evident in their works, the most important of which is paying little, or no attention to oral traditions of indigenous people of the region; neglecting some of the important texts and historical resources in their research; and vividly neglecting some historical and geographical characteristics of the city of Kermanshah. In this research, in addition to analyzing the previous ideas and focusing on previously neglected sources and evidences as well, the author attempts to offer some new suggestions or remarks about the above-mentioned issues and questions.
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2017
47
66
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4061_86e78894e4d18618e25cc8a5e5894086.pdf
A Study on How to Establish Security and Reconstruct Kerman City Following the Attack of Agha Mohammad khan
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2017
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The attack of Agha Mohammad Khan to Kerman had great security and political consequences. The increasing struggles made by local heads in southwestern Iran, created a risky situation to that extent that the possibility of Sistan’s separation was not cut off from Iran. This condition led central authorities to send rulers from Qajar high- ranking princes to Kerman to establish security there and to reconstruct the city of kerman which a huge part of its urban foundations had been destroyed. During the Qajar ruling dynasty the process of establishing security by the Qajar rulers was put into agenda. The present study by focusing on how the process of the establishment of security and political administration of the Kerman state during the Qajar period, has been? The findings of the study reveal that the Qajar rulers, despite the existing local revolts, set out to establish security and to reconstruct the destroyed city of Kerman via appointing the high-ranking princes and experienced and skillful bureacrats of the Qajar dynasty.
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2017
67
80
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4062_c1d1db88bf62ceb06c7cea5e21c3464d.pdf
The Role of the Ouraman Sheikhs in the Political Developments of the Contemporary History, Based on World War I
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2017
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The origin of the Naghshbandiyeh was Transoxiana and Khorasan and from these centers found its way into other regions, including Kurdistan province which this important measure was taken by Mawlana Khaled Shahrzouri. Why and how the Ouraman sheikhs (sufi authorities) influenced among the public and their role in the political developments of the 20th century AD. is the focus of the present study. The sheikhs and dignitaries of the sufi sects in Kurdistan, particularly Naghshbandiyeh, due to the people’s support as well as through removing the local rules power were in line with increasing their political social influence in various fields. The political influence of the Ouraman sheikhs during the Qajar period, especially during and after the Constitutional Revolution was increased. With the outbreak of World War I, they issued order for jihad against the Russians and the United Kingdom, and they were encouraged to fight against the two aforesaid governments by the recruiting of disciples and followers. Generally speaking, the political activity of the Naghshbandi sect, particularly the Ouraman sheikhs reached its zenith during the Qajar era.
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2017
81
96
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4063_a371123750280a76fb7c76090cc8f5e8.pdf
From Tabarestan to Mazandaran; A Deliberation on Tabarestan’s Conceptual and Geographical Transformation From theBeginning Up to the 8th Century (1304-1320)
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2017
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The land of Tabarestan is one of the areas that its appellation and geographical bounderies have been the subject of controversy. This title of formaly was used commonly through pre- Islamic period and part of the Islamic era (until the end of 8th century AH). From this time on, it was replaced by the word ‘Mazandaran’, due to unclear reasons. The change in the name and sign of this strategic area is important for the purpose of this paper in terms of the importance of history and local identity. Mazandaran which for long time was used along with Tabarestan took its place instead .Changes for the name of this strategic region in terms of history importance and local identity is an important question that this essay is considered. This article is done by a descriptive – analytical approach, and considering to the history of Tabarestan and its political, cultural, and social nature study the replacement of Mazandaran title for geographical proximity of the case. Research results show that the Tabarestan appellation is more compatible with its current inhabitants than Mazandaran name with its geographical features. The political range of this geographical area, particularly during the Islamic period, has fluctuated, due to the reasons such as family rivalries, internal conflicts, and the expansionism of the rulers.
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2017
97
110
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4064_944333cc17ea5ec46c0439bfcce9bda4.pdf
.The Components and Characteristics of the Local Historiography of Azerbaijan from the Formation to the End of the Mozaffari Era
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2017
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Contrary to the current view that the state of Azerbaijan has no local historiography in the early centuries, and the beginning of it is attributed to later periods, the beginning of the local historiography of Azerbaijan has coincided with the other regions. In the surviving lists, it can be seen some scattered and temporary references to such histories. The local historiography of Azerbaijan began from the news of the conquests and continued throughout the next centuries with ups and downs; but most of these works were eliminated in the events of the time. Meanwhile, the factors influencing the development and continuity of the local historiography of Azerbaijan in some of the components have similarities and differences with other regions of Iran. The current study tried to investigate the course of local historiography of the city from the beginning of its formation to the onset of contemporary historiography by using descriptive- analytical method and using library resources. In addition to identifying the causes and areas of influence, clarifies its differences with other regions, and to answer the basic question of when began the local historiography in Azerbaijan and what are reasons for it?
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2017
111
122
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4065_a4c327c95c5bd8194d704f45261cbe44.pdf
The Political situation of the Cities of Behbahan and Kohgiluye From the Collapse of Zand Dynasty to the Rise of the Naseri Era
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2017
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The biglarbeigi of the Kohgiluye and Behbahan enjoyed a high political and social status in the Safavid era. Undoubtedly, this position became unstable after the fall of the Safavid dynasty and the countries disturbances during the Afsharid and Zand periods, therefore, following the involvement and confronting of the pretenders to the throne of the Zand and Qajar reigns, the aforesaid region employed the policy of advocacy of the Qajar reign. However, about two decades after the Qajar came to power and their way of acting, the province gradually moving away from stability and some riots against new rulers occurred. Most of these revolts were due to the tax-taking. Although this state had a tribal context and their alliance could have caused the Qajar rulers trouble, the decision-makers of the Qajar rule succeeded in long-term management of the region with clever policy and diplomacy.The current paper, through application the descriptive-analytical approach, examines the political situation of Behbahan and Kohgiluyeh provinces in relation to the Qajar rule. The findings indicate that the Qajar rulers succeeded in implementing their policies and continued to maintain this process until the end.
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2017
123
136
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4066_9a85e7bc93b172387b769bd288646fd8.pdf
The History of the Ouraman Sultans; the Continuity or Evolution of the Local Historiography in Kurdistan State
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2017
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The Kurdistan state of Qajar period, found its enlightened summit and position in the field of local history writings. The local histories are those types of histories which possess a strong ecosystem orientations. These kinds of histories, due to the look of historians from bottom to the top, involve a variety of contents and for this reason are of great significance in the social history studies. One of the best examples of these histories is the history of the Ouraman sultans. This book has been written with the focus on the history of the series of Ouraman sultans in the area of Ouraman of Kurdistan province. The Ouraman sultans family were originally from the dominant rulers of the Ouraman bloc, belonged to the blockades of the Kurdistan state of Iran and Sanandaj was its capital which was ruled under the leadership of the Kurd Ardalan family, until 1284 AH, The findings of the study show that among the works presented in Kurdistan state from the rise of the Qajar dynasty to the collapse of the Mozaffarid reign, with exception of the book ‘Tohfe-ye Naseri’ of Mirza Šokr-Allah Sanandaji who had some modern views on historiography, the rest of the histories, including the history of the Ouraman sultans have been written in the style of the traditional histories
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2017
137
156
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4067_5eb0836c837b9503dcc8052a54717bc7.pdf
Analysis of the Economic and Commercial Situations of Isfahan in the Seljukid Era
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2017
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One of the most brilliant periods in the history of the city of Isfahan was the rule of the Seljuks, as the historians in that era have considered the city as ‘Kheyrol Belad’ (city of welfare). One of the factors affecting the importance of Isfahan during the Seljukid era was undoubtedly the economic and commercial conditions of the city. The present study based on historical data and the analytical descriptive approach, tries to explain the factors contributing to the development of the economic and commercial conditions of Isfahan in Seljukid era. The main question that this paper is dealing with is what factors contributed to the growth and prosperity of the economic and commercial situations of Isfahan during the Seljukid era. In response to the above question, it is hypothesized that the great Seljuk’s rulers (429-485 AH.) in addition to understanding the appropriate facilities and conditions of the city of Isfahan, by creating stability, security and adopting appropriate financial and developmental policies, in support of producers and craftsmen, played an effective role in the economic and commercial flourishing of Isfahan during this period.
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2017
137
152
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4068_730491eed1082a99f25a802971bcd633.pdf
Eshaqiyeh Family in the Guilan of the Safavid Period
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2017
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Eshaqiyeh family had power and rule in the West of Guilan, especially in the Fouman area for many years of the seventh to tenth century Hijri. This family faced, from the Mongol period, with a variety of governments in Iran, often ruled in independence in the region. During the Safavid rule, particularly from the late Shah Isma’il I era, their political power weakened and became almost obedient to the central government. Eventually, this family was destroyed during the reign of Shah Abbas I in the year 1000 Hijri, due to intra-regional rivalry and the central government’s centralization policy. In this research, by descriptive and analytical method, political and social situation of Eshaqi rulers in the west of Guillan during the Safavid era, their relationship with the Safavid and Al-e Kia rule in east Guilan are discussed. The results of the research show that the Eshaqiyeh family, by using their geographical position and the proper position, managed to spend many years in western Guilan province.
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2017
153
168
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4069_2985b74d5d1adce648478eaafd0b2d34.pdf
Political Position of Susa and the Reasons for Its Economic-Political Fall in the Sassanid Era
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2016
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The city of Susa is one of the cities that has been of particular importance in Iranian history due to its geographical position. This city had great position due to its historical precedence during the Elamians and Achaemenids, and was regarded as one of the key places in the history of Iran. Susa had significant commercial-political position in Sassanid era because of being located on the path to the Silk Road, however, most of the evidences are indicative of its eco-political fall in Sassanid era. Thus by using the historical evidences and documents, archeological findings and historical method and also relying on the resources of that era, this paper attempts to investigate the position and significance of the Susa and the reasons of its fall in Sassanid era. First, the geographical position of Susa is mentioned, then with regard to its geographical position, the reasons of its fall in Sassanid era are discussed.
Research Journal of Iran Local Histories
Payam-e- Noor University
2345-2390
5
v.
شماره دوم-پیاپی 10- بهارو تابستان 96
no.
2016
169
180
https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_4070_65b78231312b897216ee60d4227c7c40.pdf