Mehran Rezaie
Abstract
The Fali family Rouasa are considered as powerful social groups in judicial affairs and office in southern iran,especially in the Hormuz domain, from the seventh to 11th century. such an increasing presence of human elements in the administrative and govermental affairs, the relational situation ...
Read More
The Fali family Rouasa are considered as powerful social groups in judicial affairs and office in southern iran,especially in the Hormuz domain, from the seventh to 11th century. such an increasing presence of human elements in the administrative and govermental affairs, the relational situation of the Fal region after the gradual fall of Siraf from the third century, and also the political structure of Hormuz king, which provided the field of presence and activity of different kinds of human forces in its domain. in this period, the empowerment of the Fali family in the political apparatus and the govermental, which is considered as one of the most important dynasties along with the rest of the family, and the sources of finance and finance are Hormuz. hence, the relationship between Fali as one of the govermental families in the king realm is Hormuz with the establishment of the monarchy and other clans and social groups in the persian gulf. examining the historical data and documents and analyzing historical data shows that the Fali family was an important source of wealth and power assurance in the political system of Hormuz king. the findings show that competition and conflict conflicts with other social groups on political issues and governmental as well as the efforts of the Portuguese military forces to monopolize the revenues from the Persian Gulf maritime economy combined with the import of a rival and opponent group resulted in weakening the power of the Fali ministry and the monarchy in Hormuz.
Farhad dashtaki nia
Volume 10, Issue 20 , October 2022, , Pages 117-130
Abstract
With the establishment of the constitutional system, changes were made in some elements of the Iranian bureaucracy. The Iranian judiciary was not excluded from those changes, and with the passage of the constitutional amendment, the new order that was being established was affected. One of the branches ...
Read More
With the establishment of the constitutional system, changes were made in some elements of the Iranian bureaucracy. The Iranian judiciary was not excluded from those changes, and with the passage of the constitutional amendment, the new order that was being established was affected. One of the branches of the judiciary that changed under the new order was the state judiciary. Kerman province was one of the first states in which a new judiciary was formed after the constitutional revolution. The present study aims to answer this question with the method of historical studies and descriptive-analytical approach while studying the comparative study of the judicial formations of Kerman in the period before and after the constitutional revolution. Findings show that the constitutional revolution based on the law establishing the Supreme Justice caused changes in the judiciary, organizational structure, judicial arrangements, and financial resources of the Kerman judiciary. Based on the documents of the National Archives of Iran, private archive documents, unpublished documents of the British Consulate in Kerman, newspapers, and first-hand sources, this study intends to explain and evaluate the impact of the Constitutional Revolution on part of the Iranian bureaucracy in the states.
Iran Local Histories
Yaqub tabesh
Abstract
Amir Massoud, as one of the influential rulers of Sarbadari, was able to expand the Sarbedaran’s territory beyond the Beyhaq area after gaining power, but in the last year of his rule, he lost his life and many of his military forces with a heavy failure in the campaign to Mazandaran, ...
Read More
Amir Massoud, as one of the influential rulers of Sarbadari, was able to expand the Sarbedaran’s territory beyond the Beyhaq area after gaining power, but in the last year of his rule, he lost his life and many of his military forces with a heavy failure in the campaign to Mazandaran, and in this way, Sarbadaran suffered an irreparable stroke..Considering the importance of the battle of Mazandaran, this article tries to analyze the factors of Amir Massoud's failure in this campaign based on historical sources close to the event, related researches and the treatise on the art of war, and using the descriptive-analytical method and the application of Sun Tzu's martial views.. The findings show that Amir Masoud’s failure is related to both sides of the battle’s behavior; Amir Masoud, regardless of the heterogeneous situation of his troops after the defeat of Zawah, engaged them in an erosion battle and without any useful tactics, he openly went into depth of Mazandaran. The rulers and people considered him as a common enemy and united against him and they caused him and his forces to be surprised and destroyed with an efficient strategy. .
ali shahvand; mehdi asadi
Abstract
The trade of weapons greatly prospered during the years before World War I in the Persian Gulf. The easy access of British opposition forces in India to these weapons was prompted by British authorities’ efforts to ban this trade in the Persian Gulf. In this regard by British referring, ...
Read More
The trade of weapons greatly prospered during the years before World War I in the Persian Gulf. The easy access of British opposition forces in India to these weapons was prompted by British authorities’ efforts to ban this trade in the Persian Gulf. In this regard by British referring, the trade of weapons in Iran was banned by the Iranian authorities in 1881/ 1897 AD. Bushehr, a major port in the Persian Gulf and Iran during the Qajar era, was one of the main centers of trade of weapon. The social and tribal conditions of the southern regions of Iran had fueled this trade in Bushehr.The present study is a historical and analytical-explanatory approach based on library sources and unconventional documents with this question that following the prohibition of weapon trade in the Persian Gulf and Iran, what factors led to the continued entrance of weapon into the form of smuggling to Bushehr, as the center of weapon distribution in the southern areas of Iran? Hypothesis: Analyzes and evaluates the profits of the weapon trade and the social conditions and tribal structure of the southern regions that led to the proliferation of weapon entrance to Bushehr through smuggling. Historical findings and evidence indicate that the weapon trade in Bushehr was not disrupted as a trading center and continued in the form of smuggling.
Iran Local Histories
Fatemeh Faridi Majid
Abstract
Garus, which many people know by the name of Amir Nizam Garusi (the ruler of the Qajar period), according to the available sources, is an area of 1700 to 1800 square kilometers and one of the main components of the structure of the country divisions of western Iran from the beginning of the Safavid to ...
Read More
Garus, which many people know by the name of Amir Nizam Garusi (the ruler of the Qajar period), according to the available sources, is an area of 1700 to 1800 square kilometers and one of the main components of the structure of the country divisions of western Iran from the beginning of the Safavid to the middle of the Pahlavi period. This region was sometimes under the rule of Kurdistan and in most times was governed by an independent ruler. The present article, based on official and unofficial documents in a historical-referential method, has sought the position of this region by emphasizing its name in the structure of Iran's administrative divisions.The results show that the official application of the name Garus to this region was common frombefore the Safavid period to the middle of the Pahlavi period and after that, although it remained in the cultural memory, it was identified with the name of Bijar in the geographical structure of Iran. The author tries to express the stages of presence, application and official removal of this geographical name among official and unofficial correspondences, approvals, documents and sources in the structure of Iran's country divisions. It seems that Garus tribe’s power in the Safavid period and after that Amir Nizam Garusi’s position in the Qajar period, in the application of Garus and the promotion of this region and the decline of the tribe’s power played a decisive role in changing its name.
Teimoor Ghasemi; Asghar Foroughi; fereydoon Allahyari
Abstract
The World War II (1939-1945 AD) created special conditions in different parts of Iran. One of these parts was Fars province that due to its proximity to the Persian gulf and oil resources, the impact of war on Fars Province was inevitable. In addition to, political conflicts between tribe and central ...
Read More
The World War II (1939-1945 AD) created special conditions in different parts of Iran. One of these parts was Fars province that due to its proximity to the Persian gulf and oil resources, the impact of war on Fars Province was inevitable. In addition to, political conflicts between tribe and central government and the weakness of central government caused major losses to the state. This study seeks to improve the investigation of social, economic and political impacts of Fars in World War II. On this basis, the main question of research is that, what was the impact of World War II and the allies on Fars agriculture, transportation and the health? The research seeks to demonstrate the impact of allied invasion on Fars Province during World War II, based on documents local newspapers and first- hand sources. Findings of research indicate that Fars province has experienced unfavorable conditions during the war in three sectors of agriculture (lack of cereal and low quality bread), health (occurance of disease and deficiency of medicine and physician) and transportation (failure to secure roads and smuggling) due to intervention of allies, especially British. This paper is organized on the basis of descriptive-analytical method.
hosein hozhabrian; Seyed Saheb Barzin
Abstract
After the victory of the Constitutional Revolution, southern Iran underwent many political changes, culminating in the World War I. The merchants of Bushehr, who had gained more economic power since the beginning of the nineteenth century and had gradually become interested in social and political activities, ...
Read More
After the victory of the Constitutional Revolution, southern Iran underwent many political changes, culminating in the World War I. The merchants of Bushehr, who had gained more economic power since the beginning of the nineteenth century and had gradually become interested in social and political activities, were opposed to Britain and an ally of the constitutional clergy, and as an influential social group, have the religious, national and economic interests. During the events of the southern movement, the merchants of Bushehr were always in conflict with these interests, and usually by ignoring the economic interests, they supported the positions of the constitutionalist clerics and acted in the national interest. As the movement continued to struggle and the growing economic losses inflicted on traders due to the insecurity of trade routes and the cessation of trade, they gradually became reluctant to continue supporting the movement and eventually withdrew.The present article tries to answer the question with the method of qualitative analysis: what effect did the economic approach of Bushehr businessmen have on their orientation to join or not to accompany the southern movement? The purpose of this study is how and why the dual positions of Bushehr businessmen and the result of the research shows that Bushehr businessmen, motivated by the establishment of order and security and enjoying its economic and political interests, converged and joined the southern movement, but after despair of achieving the goals, and the economic costs, They withdrew from the movement.
akram khalilipour; Reza Afhami; Seyyed Mehdi Mousavi Kohper; Dariush Rahmanian Koshki
Volume 10, Issue 20 , October 2022, , Pages 131-144
Abstract
Social movements are the breaking point of the long-standing system of relations within space and its transformation in terms of meaning and production of new spaces. Therefore, the present study aims to find the transformation of space in one of the most important contemporary social movements, namely ...
Read More
Social movements are the breaking point of the long-standing system of relations within space and its transformation in terms of meaning and production of new spaces. Therefore, the present study aims to find the transformation of space in one of the most important contemporary social movements, namely the Constitutional Revolution in the Qajar period, and show how the interaction between social/spatial affairs led to a change in the spatial concept of Tehran in that period. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between urban space and the events of the Constitutional Revolution and the symbolic transformation of urban spaces resulting from this social action. The method of the present study was historical-descriptive and the collecting data was done based on the library (documentary) and field (visiting buildings) methods. The results of the research show that in the Constitutional Revolution, three different stages of consumption, production, and spatial confrontation can be observed. In the first stage, events begin in the body of a space that is historically considered legitimate, and then social action creates and represents its spaces, and everyday spaces become part of a new symbolic system of urban space. In the third stage of the revolution, we are faced with the metamorphosis of the spatial concept, the change of the symbolic meaning of pre-existing spaces, and the attempt to occupy the designated spaces to confront the groups involved in the revolution.
Iran Local Histories
kamal zarifiyan manesh; fateme bineshi far
Abstract
The Qajar era was a period of evolution, development, and and growth in both quantity and quality. Ta’ziyeh underwent a number of changes during this time, including changes to both the content, and musical instruments. The Persian state, particularly the city of Shiraz, flourished during the Qajar ...
Read More
The Qajar era was a period of evolution, development, and and growth in both quantity and quality. Ta’ziyeh underwent a number of changes during this time, including changes to both the content, and musical instruments. The Persian state, particularly the city of Shiraz, flourished during the Qajar era as a result of the religious context of Iranian society. Additionaly, the competition between government officials, nobles and elders, women, Clergy, and businessmen played a significant role in holding of Muharram mourning rituals, especially Ta’ziyeh. On this basis, they endowed Taziyeh’s location or covered its costs. These research attempts to address the desire problem by using the documentary method and document analysis by examining the role of endowment documents and their trustees in the Shiraz taziyeh adminidtration during Qajar period. According to the research’s findings, Shiraz’s Qajar-era society’s traditional and religiousfoundations as well as the local’s devotion to Ahl al-Bayt (AS) among its merchants, noble women, and government officials have played a significant role in the growthof Ta’ziyeh in Shiraz.
ghorbanali kenarodi
Abstract
The local family of Rooz Afzoon in the shelter of Swadkoh’s castles and forests, and the adherence to Sadat Marashi's government and military service to them, managed to rule over Suzdok and parts of Eastern Mazandaran for more than a century. Two of the most prominent rulers of this family, ...
Read More
The local family of Rooz Afzoon in the shelter of Swadkoh’s castles and forests, and the adherence to Sadat Marashi's government and military service to them, managed to rule over Suzdok and parts of Eastern Mazandaran for more than a century. Two of the most prominent rulers of this family, Agha Rostam and Agha Mohammad Rooz Afzoon, have governed simultaneously by the formation and strengthening of the Safavids in Iran. The Safavids, through the implementation of the policy of creating divisions and launching a civil war among local rulers, began to increase the influence of the central government and reduce the power of local rulers. As a result of this policy, the Marashhian religious power in Mazandaran has weakened and the local clan has increasingly fallen. With regard to the historical aspects of the problem and the purpose of the research, this article tries to appropriately answer to the following question by applying historical research method with an emphasis on analyzing the data of sources: "What was he process of formation and expansion of the growing local family of Rooz Afzoon in Mazandaran and the causes of their fall.
Iran Local Histories
keihan moshirpanahi; mohammad sheikhahmadi; uthman Yousefi; mohammad ghorban kiani
Abstract
On the eve of the first world war, the western borders and the Kurdish regions of Iran during the Qajar era were through a critical period due to the displacement of local rulers. Also deep-rooted historical differences with the Ottomans, the presence of various tribes and political differences made ...
Read More
On the eve of the first world war, the western borders and the Kurdish regions of Iran during the Qajar era were through a critical period due to the displacement of local rulers. Also deep-rooted historical differences with the Ottomans, the presence of various tribes and political differences made the region faced with new events. While the Ottomans had officially entered the war, the buffering of Kurdistan between Iran and the Ottomans could not keep Kurdistan away from its consequences. The study tries to explain the causes of the expansion and continuation of the war in Kurdistan, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the historical sources of documents, local and national newspapers. The investigations showed that the political and religious differences in Kurdistan and the confrontation of nomads with each other, along with the strategic importance of this region for foreign forces were the essancial factors behind the spread of the war to Kurdistan. Also, political instability in Kurdistan, intensification of tribal conflicts, presence of disaffected Sheikhs, competition of hostile governments and finally false promises of independence led to the continuation of the war in the region.
mohsen Rahmati; Kiumarth Dalvand
Abstract
Salar al-Dowleh’s riot was one of the events that greatly affected the political-social situation of Iran following the constitutional revolution. Salar al-Dowleh, son of Mozaffar al-Din Shah, who for many years governed the western provinces of the country, campaigned several times for various ...
Read More
Salar al-Dowleh’s riot was one of the events that greatly affected the political-social situation of Iran following the constitutional revolution. Salar al-Dowleh, son of Mozaffar al-Din Shah, who for many years governed the western provinces of the country, campaigned several times for various pretexts against the newly constitutional government. He was supported by the Khans and tribes of the west of the country in these campaigns, among which, Nazar Ali Khani, the ruler of Ṫarhān, played a major role in comparison with other the Khans of the Pishkuh Lorestan. Accompanying the Khans of the western provinces of the country, including Nazar Ali Khan, with the Salar al-Dowleh to oppose the constitution, is one of the controversial issues of constitutional history. By a descriptive-analytical method, this paper intends to use the available resources, memories and documents from these events, to examine the role of Nazar Ali Khan in in the riot of Salar al-Dowleh and to answer these questions: Which aims and motives of Nazar Ali Khan in collaboration with Salar al-Dowleh have been? Why, in spite of the weakness of the central government and the plurality and power of the nomadic forces, the riots finally failed? Why did Nazar Ali Khan withdraw from Salar al-Dowleh and not accompany him in the third attack?
Maghsoud-Ali sadeghi Gandomani; Vahid Kargar jahromi; Fatemeh Janahmadi
Abstract
Although the king was at the head of the political system of the Qajar period, it did not have the required strength to dominate powerful urban groups such as local families. The present article aims to study the relationship between the Qajar government and the influential local families of Shiraz in ...
Read More
Although the king was at the head of the political system of the Qajar period, it did not have the required strength to dominate powerful urban groups such as local families. The present article aims to study the relationship between the Qajar government and the influential local families of Shiraz in the Naseri era, using descriptive and analytical methods and relying on library resources. It also studies the impact of these relations on the urban community of Shiraz in the mentioned period. According to the findings, the ruling class power had limited by the wealthy and influential families of Shiraz, such as Qavam al-Molk, Moshir al-molk, and Qashqai khans, who usually held important government positions. They always tried to act against the rival families by the alliance with the government leaders. The rulers of Fars usually were unable to satisfy all the influential families, for this reason, unified with other families against the other inevitably. Farhad-Mirza Motamed al-Doleh could remove the Moshir al-molk family from power in Shiraz only by uniting with other families. The relations between government and dynasties effect on establishing order and security, the price of goods, especially basic goods, as well as the satisfaction of different sections of Shiraz urban society.
Farinaz Hooshyar; Soheila Torabi Farsani; faeezeh saberi
Volume 10, Issue 20 , October 2022, , Pages 145-158
Abstract
Kerman has always been an independent satrapy, province, and nation from the Achaemenid period until the end of the Sassanid period, and was sometimes governed by the Sassanid princes. After the conquest by the Muslim Arabs, this province was not an independent province until the 1950s, because it was ...
Read More
Kerman has always been an independent satrapy, province, and nation from the Achaemenid period until the end of the Sassanid period, and was sometimes governed by the Sassanid princes. After the conquest by the Muslim Arabs, this province was not an independent province until the 1950s, because it was annexed to Khorasan from the second half of the first century AH to about 129 AH (or 156 AH/ 779 AD). The geographical location of Kerman and the distance of this region from the center of the Caliphate caused this province to become the center of many political, economic, social, and cultural challenges. Using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources, this research investigated the policies and actions of Umayyad governors in the administration of Kerman by analyzing the problems and challenges they faced. The results showed that the measures of groups opposed to the Caliphate such as the Khawarij, people's dissatisfaction, tax pressures, and the independence of governors and government officials had made the administration of Kerman face many challenges. The Umayyads sent many governors and tried to bring the situation under their control by applying violent and strict policies. However, their lack of tolerance towards the people of Kerman caused the loss of the security and economic status of this province and turned Kerman into a center of rebellions more than before.
Iran Local Histories
abdolah safarzaie; azim shahbakhsh
Abstract
In ancient times, a large area southeast of the Iranian plateau was called Makran. The first available accounts of Makran, known as Mecca, date back to the Achaemenid period. In the surviving documents from the Sassanid period, this area is mentioned as Makuran. In the Islamic period, Makran has been ...
Read More
In ancient times, a large area southeast of the Iranian plateau was called Makran. The first available accounts of Makran, known as Mecca, date back to the Achaemenid period. In the surviving documents from the Sassanid period, this area is mentioned as Makuran. In the Islamic period, Makran has been mentioned in various historical, geographical, and other sources. Although there are few reports left about the geographical, economic, and cultural situation of Makran throughout history, there is a clear difference in the existing reports. By carefully evaluating the existing reports on Makran, it is inferred that these reports can be divided into formal and informal reports. Official reports refer to the reports of military conquerors and government agents who reported on the situation in the region for specific purposes, and their reports were recorded in written historical and geographical sources. Informal reports refer to the reports of other geographers, historians, travel writers, and so on. The purpose of this article is to analyze the existing official reports related to the geographical, economic, and cultural situation of Makran in the past centuries. The present article is written using library resources in a comparative way with a description and analysis of data..
Iran Local Histories
shiva taghvaei zahmatkesh
Abstract
Qajar dynasty was an inheritor of a kind of power dispersion in Iran. Therefore, the policies were adopted to restore supervision over administrative and financial institutions, which were executed with the support of credit allocation. In line with this goal, measures were taken to rebuild the administrative ...
Read More
Qajar dynasty was an inheritor of a kind of power dispersion in Iran. Therefore, the policies were adopted to restore supervision over administrative and financial institutions, which were executed with the support of credit allocation. In line with this goal, measures were taken to rebuild the administrative system in Bandar Bushehr from the beginning of Qajar period until the end of Mohammad Shah’s reign in 1264 AH. Then, with the beginning of Naseri period and Mirza Taqikhan Amirkabir’s chancellery, the reconstruction of the administrative system of Bandar Bushehr was pursued through the allocation of the budget for national and military purposes. By examining the “Instructions" and account clearing” offices of this period, the trend of budget allocation for the reconstruction of the administrative and financial system of ports can be traced from the beginning of Naseri period. By studying these contextual texts, Qajar’s administrative and financial policies for the development of its own administrative-financial system in Bandar Bushehr can be understood. The formation of "Bushehr and its suburbs and ports" province in 1305 A.H. was a turning point in this process. With the formation of this province, Bandar Bushehr became closer than ever to Qajar’s administrative-financial system. The question of this research is how the Qajar government’s policy was to place Bandar Bushehr in its administrative-financial system? This research has considered the budget allocated to the administrative and financial expenses of Bandar Bushehr as one of the effective components in the reconstruction of Qajar’s administrative-financial system in southern ports, using the kilometric method. The hypothesis of this research is that the formation of the administrative-financial unit of the “Bushehr and its suburbs” province as an independent unit from the Fars state was not a temporary matter, but rather a result of the process of budget allocation for southern ports in the Naseri period.
maryam bakhshi; bagherali adelfar; nasrollah pour mohammadi; Hossein Abadian
Abstract
Expatriating social centrifugal forces tribes and clans, has been one of the policies of Iranian governments from the Safavid era with the aim of establishing security and controlling on them. Displacement Kurdish clans from their original habitat to other parts of country has been recognized as one ...
Read More
Expatriating social centrifugal forces tribes and clans, has been one of the policies of Iranian governments from the Safavid era with the aim of establishing security and controlling on them. Displacement Kurdish clans from their original habitat to other parts of country has been recognized as one of the critical periods in the history of Safavid era. In the line with this policy, the Kurdish"Rashvand" clans, were expatriated, first to Khorasan Province then to Qazvin and its nearby habitats. The consequences of this settlement in those aforementioned areas to both Kurdish clans as well as the central government is the subject of this study. Alongside with this, in this study, we will also analyze the political, martial and economic causes and motivations of these migrants. This paper analyzes the subject in a descriptive-analytical manner, based on documentary sources including published documents, unpublished documents, library resources and field observations. Research findings show that Rashvand clans were migrated to Qazvin and the nearby habitat areas for diverse reasons, namely for martial, political and economic reasons. Accumulating wealth, acquisition of governmental authority and official titles, have been the most important consequences of this displacement.
zekrollah mohammadi; Davod Elahi
Abstract
Qazvin is one of the important provinces in terms of geography as well as lucrative revenues was always considered by the government during the Qajar period.But these privileges,which should have been spent on the city and welfare of people, was all about filling of the no capacity pockets of princes.among ...
Read More
Qazvin is one of the important provinces in terms of geography as well as lucrative revenues was always considered by the government during the Qajar period.But these privileges,which should have been spent on the city and welfare of people, was all about filling of the no capacity pockets of princes.among the princes, Abdulsamad Mirza Izaldawla, the brother of king Nasser Addin ,was appointed governor of Qazvin in three periods . The first period coincided with his adolescence, the second period ended with the lack of bread and the revolt of the people against him and the third period which is the main consideration of this paper ,although it does not last more than a year,we traced in the remaining documents of his period and among those documents, it can be seen that rule of Izaldawla was not so justified appearance in Qazvin. The present study, while examining and explaining of how is the performance of Izaldawla in Qazvin and Alamut region in three mentioned period based on historical documents and texts, looking at recent investigations and researches analyses for the reason of his performance.Therefore the main question of the article will be what interests expedience lies behind the performance of Izadawla, relying on that time documents and also the dissatisfaction in those documents is that both monetary benefits and political interests which played major roles for the reason of his performances. The method of this article is a descriptive and analytical that has been organized with the benefit of unpublished documents of that period well as library resources.
Iran Local Histories
Zeinab Fazli
Abstract
In the study of the history of Islamic civilization and the history of Iranian cities, Maragha's place as a historical city has not been adequately explained from the point of view of civilization. Therefore, in this historical research with a civilizational approach in the field of local history studies, ...
Read More
In the study of the history of Islamic civilization and the history of Iranian cities, Maragha's place as a historical city has not been adequately explained from the point of view of civilization. Therefore, in this historical research with a civilizational approach in the field of local history studies, Maragha's link with Islamic civilization has been analyzed and explained. According to the findings of this study, Maragha was not considered a center of civilization until the middle of the 7th century AH, despite its importance in historical developments. But after Baghdad collapse by Mongols, this city became a center of science in the Islamic world. In the second half of the 7th century after Hijrah, the establishment of the observatory complex and the gathering of a large number of prominent scholars significantly changed the cultural-civilized image of Maragha. The observational-scientific activities, outstanding scientific works such as Zidj-i Ilkhani, novel astronomical theories and new scientific texts during this period made Maragha as one of the scientific-civilizational centers of the Islamic world. As a result of such achievements, the honorable titles of "Maragha School" and "Maragha Translation School" have been given to this city by science scholars, which has brought for it a permanent reputation in the history of science on a global scale.
.
mohamad sedaghati; mohamad amir shikhnouri; abbas ovaysi; hosein hozhabrian
Volume 10, Issue 20 , October 2022, , Pages 159-173
Abstract
From the end of the Qajar dynasty, tax collection was given to the Ghavam-ol-Molk family in some parts of present-day Hormozgan, such as Rudan and Ahmadi, but in 1316, Bandar Abbas, Rudan, and Minab became part of the eighth province with Kerman as its center. From 1313 AH, disputes arose between Ibrahim ...
Read More
From the end of the Qajar dynasty, tax collection was given to the Ghavam-ol-Molk family in some parts of present-day Hormozgan, such as Rudan and Ahmadi, but in 1316, Bandar Abbas, Rudan, and Minab became part of the eighth province with Kerman as its center. From 1313 AH, disputes arose between Ibrahim Khan Qavam and the owners of Rudan over agricultural lands, which lasted for about twenty years. Qavam, based on the tax receipts of Habibullah Khan Qavam, registered all the good lands and even endowments in his name. The owners of Rudan also responded to this action to seek their rights. Thus the twenty-year conflict between the two sides began a. This article aims to answer the question of what factors contributed to the prolongation of the legal dispute between Ibrahim Qavam and the owners of Roudani and determine the final result. The data were collected mainly from the Islamic Council Documentation Center (Kamam) and the National Documentation Center (Sakma). Findings show that Ibrahim Ghavam tried to take ownership of the Rudan lands by relying on factors such as influencing the royal court, British support, using the guerrillas of the Fars region and the Taherzai tribe, as well as bribing local officials. But finally, factors such as the fall of the Qawam family's position in the Pahlavi court, the rise of Mossadegh, and the emergence of an anti-British atmosphere, as well as the continuous efforts of the Rhodan people, failed the Qawam family in achieving their goal.
mohammad khodaverdi
Abstract
Being a Kalantar (police officer) was one of the important royal position in kerman in Qajar era and it was considered a high rank among official ranks in the state. The most important duty of a Kalantar was collecting taxes, providng discipline, security and supervision of food preparation and ...
Read More
Being a Kalantar (police officer) was one of the important royal position in kerman in Qajar era and it was considered a high rank among official ranks in the state. The most important duty of a Kalantar was collecting taxes, providng discipline, security and supervision of food preparation and distribution among people. The presrnt research answers the following questions: what were the conditions for obtaining the position of Kalantar (police officer) during the Qajar period? How did they change the power structure of this position? In addition to investigating Kalantari duties, we also investigate the royal of a Kalantar in political and social changes in kerman society.To provide answers for the mentioned questions, analytical and descriptive methods, library sources and also papers published in Qajar era were used to study about Kalantar position in kerman. The research findings show that Kalantar was chosen by the ruler or governor of the state and this position passed among individuals in powerful tribes in kerman. Kalantari power structure decreased due to lake of qualification of Kalantars in doing their duties or supporting political riots and also tribal competitions to win this position and also arrival of other powerful groups. They paved the way for more poverty among people by collecting taxes and evaluating basic goods hastily and without consulting. Also their unwise reactions against Sheikhiyya sect and their opponents caused city riots.
Bagher Adelfar; Alie Javanmardi
Abstract
The Caspian Sea gradually experienced a new position in the Qajar era. The signing of the Turkmenchay Agreement and its commercial annexation further strengthened the position of Russian businessmen in Iran. After concluding a contract and following the actions of the Russians, much security and commercial ...
Read More
The Caspian Sea gradually experienced a new position in the Qajar era. The signing of the Turkmenchay Agreement and its commercial annexation further strengthened the position of Russian businessmen in Iran. After concluding a contract and following the actions of the Russians, much security and commercial development was established in the Caspian Sea. Iran's rich resources of agricultural products including rice led to attract the attention of Russia. The main question is what is the position of northern rice in trade between Iran and Russia in this period? And what was the importance of the rice trade in the economic relations between Iran and Russia? Therefore, this research seeks to elucidate the position of rice trade in the northern regions of Iran in Iran-Russia trade relations during of the Qajar period according to library references and archival documents. Our research findings show due to Russia's proximity to Iran and the existence of the Caspian Sea waterway and the need of both countries for each other's products and materials have led to the development of trade between Iran and Russia. One of the trade items of Iran that had a good position in the trade relations between Iran and Russia was rice. At first, it was sufficient for internal consumption, but after the disease found in silkworms, the production of this product multiplied and replaced with silk. Although trade in this product fluctuated during times such as the famine and the October Revolution in Russia, as well as World War I, but the trade in this product continued.
Iran Local Histories
Toktam Yarmohamadi; Jamshid Noroozi
Abstract
Great Khorasan, as one of the important regions of the Islamic world and Iran, experienced two different periods during the period of Timur Gourkani and his son Shahrukh. Timur relying on Alus Joghtaei’s support of the military commanders made extensive conquests in West Asia. Following these conquests, ...
Read More
Great Khorasan, as one of the important regions of the Islamic world and Iran, experienced two different periods during the period of Timur Gourkani and his son Shahrukh. Timur relying on Alus Joghtaei’s support of the military commanders made extensive conquests in West Asia. Following these conquests, the cities of Khorasan, like most of the conquered places, faced with murder, looting and destruction. After Timur’s death and Shahrukh’s accession, prosperity returned to Khorasan and these areas came out from under the pressure of the Timurid period. This research aims to analyze Timur and Shahrokha’s actions in Khorasan with descriptive analytical method and using library sources. The findings indicate that Timur, considering his own interests and attachment to his capital, Samarkand, tried to use the economic resources and human and cultural capacities of the conquered regions, especially Khorasan, for the prosperity of Mavara- al- Nahr. Timur's discriminating view of Khorasan caused chaos in this province and repeated the calamities that the Mongols brought upon this region. On the other hand, Shahrukh made a significant effort to develop Khorasan due to his attachment to it, reliance on Iranian bureaucrats, and adherence to Islamic laws..
shahab shahidani; ahmad jamrasi; Seyyed Aalae aldin Shahrokhi
Abstract
One of the oldest administrative-religious organizations in Iran is the organization created under the shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh (s), which was developed during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods in terms of administrative organization. This article seeks to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical ...
Read More
One of the oldest administrative-religious organizations in Iran is the organization created under the shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh (s), which was developed during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods in terms of administrative organization. This article seeks to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method that in the field of administrative organization of servants in the Qajar and Pahlavi period, how the holy threshold of manpower absorbed and organized? How were you financed? How were the salaries and benefits of the servants paid? Method / approach; This research has been prepared by using library and documentary sources and by descriptive-analytical method. Findings and results; The results show that during the Qajar period, the administration of the Holy Threshold was managed by Sadat Hosseini and Razavi, with government decrees called hereditary servants, and other than their heirs, no one else was allowed to work on the Holy Threshold. Studies also show that the Constitutional Revolution and the dictatorial administrative reforms of the Pahlavi period had a significant impact on the organization of Astana, so that with the promulgation of the administrative regulations, the uniform law and the cleric's license by the Ministry of Education, the Astana administration changed the payment of salaries and salaries.
Masoud Shafie Sarvestani; Mohammad Reza Alam
Abstract
After the conquest of Tehran, Bakhtiari Khans have achieved the highest levels of state and executive power from the position of tribal leaders for the first time. Achieving Bakhtiari Khans to power in second constitutional governments was accompanied by ups and downs that had effects across the ...
Read More
After the conquest of Tehran, Bakhtiari Khans have achieved the highest levels of state and executive power from the position of tribal leaders for the first time. Achieving Bakhtiari Khans to power in second constitutional governments was accompanied by ups and downs that had effects across the country, especially in the Fars province. What effect did Bakhtiari Khans’s power fluctuation have on the developments and events in Fars during the years 1909 lunar until 1913 lunar? This is a question that is described and explained based on new sources and documents and with descriptive and analytical method in this research. An examination of this issue reveals that the position and conditions of Bakhtiari Khans in the second constitutional governments directly influenced the equations of power and political and social conditions of the Fars province. Their one-sided interference and positioning caused instability, increased tensions and clashes between the political forces and, as a result, it was the grund for intervention and presence of British forces in Fars. Finally, with the power decline of Bakhtiari khans in the government, it was returned the relative calm and balance of power among the political forces to Fars.
