shahram yousefifar; Masoumeh yadollahpour arabi
Abstract
Qajar dynasty Paid special attention to crown land as one kind of historical government landholding in Mazandaran region because of its unique natural position. According to Financial and official policies, government adopted different measures in crown lands (khalisa) including (increase or decrease) ...
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Qajar dynasty Paid special attention to crown land as one kind of historical government landholding in Mazandaran region because of its unique natural position. According to Financial and official policies, government adopted different measures in crown lands (khalisa) including (increase or decrease) and this has a great impact on landholding matters in that region. In this survey, the state of crown lands (khalisa) in Mazandaran during Qajar reign has been considered in terms of government Policy and its legal, economical and social consequences. The thesis question Follows as: how was the government policy in crown land affairs in Mazandaran? Why has the government performance changed periodically? What was its social and economical effects? Analysis of relevant data shows that the state of crown land in Mazandaran exposed to changes depending on general conditions. In the first half of Qajar dynasty, the policy of increasing area (in different ways) and variety of crown lands were adopted. Then in various reasons, The process of decreasing crown lands in different ways including has been accelerated in middle and late period. In this survey, the required data has collected from relevant references including first and second hand historical references and archives documents) and has analyzed in a qualitative way. Then prevailing patterns on process of changing crown lands have been extracted. The outcome of present survey not only represents a pattern for land holding history studies in Iran, but also introduces new field of study connected to this subject.
Fateme Meisami; maryam ghasemi sichani; Mohsen Afshari; Farzad Mirmojarabian; Morteza Nourae
Abstract
After the Safavid Government, the importance of the city of Isfahan diminished and many buildings were abandoned due to the transfer of the government center and the government compound fell into ruin. After the beginning of the Qajar dynasty and the efforts of the ruler of Isfahan Mirza Hosein Khan ...
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After the Safavid Government, the importance of the city of Isfahan diminished and many buildings were abandoned due to the transfer of the government center and the government compound fell into ruin. After the beginning of the Qajar dynasty and the efforts of the ruler of Isfahan Mirza Hosein Khan Sadr Isfahani, Isfahan began flourishing again and wealthy families of merchants and landlords were formed. As a result, the construction of houses with common architecture and influenced by the social status of its owners began. This research has been done with the method of historical interpretive research. The required data have been collected and analyzed from documentary sources, field studies, annexes and oral histories. Findings show that the meaning of social status is manifested through spatial characteristics in three scales: micro (home), medium (neighborhood) and macro (district).
Abbas Rezaei; Qobad Mansourbakht
Abstract
The Persian Gulf, as Iran's sea route to the world and vice versa, has been under the political, cultural and economic sovereignty of Iran for most of history. This rule was the natural and logical consequence of the action of the largest country on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf in defense ...
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The Persian Gulf, as Iran's sea route to the world and vice versa, has been under the political, cultural and economic sovereignty of Iran for most of history. This rule was the natural and logical consequence of the action of the largest country on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf in defense of its existence and security, which has taken place unequivocally in most historical periods. With the rise of colonialism and the arrival of European colonial powers; Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and Britain opposed the Persian Gulf, Iranian sovereignty in the Persian Gulf, and confronted Iran with one of the greatest problems of the modern era. Continuation of this led to the reduction of Iran's power and the further consolidation of British power, and eventually the undisputed power of this country throughout the Persian Gulf in the Qajar era. With the British invasion of the Iranian coast and the capture of Bushir during the Herat War, the conflict with Iranian rule in the Persian Gulf and the de-Iranianization of this great waterway reached its peak. From then on, the reaction and extensive efforts of the Iranians to maintain sovereignty in the Persian Gulf and promote its place in the Iranian mentality began through the production of concepts, meanings and ideas appropriate to the new era in the form of a new Persian Gulf discourse. The findings of this study, based on a combination of causal-rational method, show that the Qajar period press played the main role in promoting the position of the Persian Gulf from natural areas to "member of the body of the body of Iran" in the form of a new Persian Gulf discourse.
rafatallah sharifi taskooh; ali reza ali soufi; mohammad shoormeij
Abstract
The development and prosperity of Guilan education during Pahlavi era was deeply connected with the educational structure and historical destiny of Shahpour School in Rasht.Therefore, the study of the historical situation of Guilan education requires knowledge of the prevailing conditions of this school, ...
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The development and prosperity of Guilan education during Pahlavi era was deeply connected with the educational structure and historical destiny of Shahpour School in Rasht.Therefore, the study of the historical situation of Guilan education requires knowledge of the prevailing conditions of this school, as an educational paradigm for other schools in Guilan. The establishment of this school is one of the obvious manifestations of modern education in this region. Investigating the different angles of Shahpour School in terms of physical space and the structure and regulations governing its educational system shows that the founders and administrators of this school always tried to maintain the necessary standards. Secondly, the above situation guide and direct to the development of quantitative and qualitative education in Rasht and Guilan in general. The authors of the article, while examining the factors affecting the prosperity of Shahpour School, seek to find an answer based on abstract and physical factors to the following fundamental question. How and to what extent did the Guilan Education, and especially the city of culture and literature of Rasht, benefit from the educational traditions of this school, which has nurtured many elders and elites? The findings of this study, which has been done using descriptive documents and historical sources in a descriptive and statistical analysis, reveal the position and effectiveness of Shahpour School in Guilan education.
marjan negahi
Abstract
The selecting of Tehran as the capital of the Qajar dynasty, along with events such as the entrance of colonial countries, the movement towards modernity and World War II, faced the city with many social challenges, including increasing crime. The series of books "Social History of Tehran in the Thirteenth ...
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The selecting of Tehran as the capital of the Qajar dynasty, along with events such as the entrance of colonial countries, the movement towards modernity and World War II, faced the city with many social challenges, including increasing crime. The series of books "Social History of Tehran in the Thirteenth Century" written by Jafar Shahri is one of the relatively reliable first-hand sources for studying the social history of Tehran in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods, which addresses issues such as normal and delinquent behavior of ordinary people and their relations. Is. The main issue of this article is to examine the mentioned crimes from a criminological perspective. In this regard, the content of the series of book has been examined from the criminological theories point of view through content analysis and descriptive-analytical method. The main subject of the article is the study of the typology of crimes in Tehran in those days and the analysis of the contexts and factors of committing crimes from a criminological perspective. The results of this study indicate the existence of crimes such as abuse of opium drug, intoxication, theft, fraud, bribery and extortion, murder, prostitution and child abuse in Tehran at that time; Factors such as poverty, unemployment, migration and corruption of the government and administrative system have been effective in the emergence and continuation of such crimes.
abdolah motevali; mahdi jiryaei; Mohaammad Hassanbeigi
Abstract
Sultan Abad, Iraq, is the old name of the city of Arak, which was built at the time of Fathali Shah Qajar in (1231 AH ) by his warlord Yusuf Khan Gurji.The philosophy behind the building of the city was the creation of a military center and the construction of a garrison for the security of the region. ...
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Sultan Abad, Iraq, is the old name of the city of Arak, which was built at the time of Fathali Shah Qajar in (1231 AH ) by his warlord Yusuf Khan Gurji.The philosophy behind the building of the city was the creation of a military center and the construction of a garrison for the security of the region. As time went by, business and economic activity flourished in the area.Relying on various documents related to that period, this descriptive-analytical research investigates the economic and commercial conditions of this region, especially handmade carpet industry and trade.The purpose of this research is to explain how exports and complaints from foreign merchants and foreign companies in Sultan Abad to the relevant ministries and the National Assembly had an effect on the foreign trade of this province, namely carpets.The findings of this research show that the attention of the central government and foreign companies along with the participation of local merchants made Arak one of the main centers of carpet production in the mentioned period.On the other hand, the First World War, followed by political, economic and logistical destabilization, slowed the development of Iraq.
Reza Habibinejad; Hayedeh Khamseh; Ali Bahranipour
Abstract
The transfer of the oil concession to William Knox Darcy in 1901, followed by the discovery of oil in the Masjed Soleyman oil field in 1908, provided the ground for employment and migration of labor from abroad and inside to the Masjed Soleyman . The managers of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company set up temporary ...
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The transfer of the oil concession to William Knox Darcy in 1901, followed by the discovery of oil in the Masjed Soleyman oil field in 1908, provided the ground for employment and migration of labor from abroad and inside to the Masjed Soleyman . The managers of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company set up temporary shelters in the form of labor camps to accommodate the migrant labor force. Gradually, with the increasing migration of labor and construction of the company's houses, the initial cores of Masjed-e-Soliman were laid by the designers and architects of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. The findings of the research indicate that Masjed-e-Soleiman Company owes its existence, formation and development to oil wells and the construction and urban planning measures of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. In the present study, by combining descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and new documents and researches, the role of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in the formation and development of Masjed-e-Soliman's urban body from the beginning of oil discovery to nationalization of oil industry has been tried. To be and evaluated.
shahram yousefifar; Mohammad Dalvand
Abstract
Reza Shah's renovation program can be considered as a continuation of the demand for fundamental reforms in the constitutional era. These social and economic reform projects were implemented throughout the country, and of course, in some areas, such as Lorestan, due to local requirements, they faced ...
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Reza Shah's renovation program can be considered as a continuation of the demand for fundamental reforms in the constitutional era. These social and economic reform projects were implemented throughout the country, and of course, in some areas, such as Lorestan, due to local requirements, they faced special challenges and obstacles. In addition, in the Lorestan region, the Ili Haro region itself had more special conditions: due to the social unrest in that region, it was more difficult to establish order and security and to carry out modernization measures.In this article, the implementation of Reza Shah's renovation plan in Haro region is examined through a historical study method to answer the question of what were the obstacles to the implementation of the government renovation program in Haro region and how were they removed? The results show that despite the opposition of influential groups in the region (such as Khavanin Beyranvand), the government implemented the renovation program with measures such as general disarmament, road construction, nomadic settlement, deportation of dissidents, establishment of schools and other cases, with authoritarian procedures. Due to the adoption of non-expert methods of renovation program in the Haro region had some unfortunate consequences in the social life of the people.
Hassan Sadeghisamarjani
Abstract
With the establishment of the Pahlavi’s regime in 1925, Iran was largely separated from the traditional and pre-modern positions of its state and took on more or less a quasi-modern form. One of the important bureaucratic positions, which had a regular and extensive relationship with the central ...
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With the establishment of the Pahlavi’s regime in 1925, Iran was largely separated from the traditional and pre-modern positions of its state and took on more or less a quasi-modern form. One of the important bureaucratic positions, which had a regular and extensive relationship with the central government, was the position of Kadkhoda. Although Kadkhoda was the authority and his main duty was to supervise the all-encompassing affairs of the peasantry and to provide accurate and detailed annual reports to the government, in practice he became immensely involved in bureaucracy. In the present article, the author intends to describe the real functions of Kadkhoda by scrutinizing the documents of Khachik Tahmasian; the Kadkhoda of Zarneh village of Isfahan. Such Kadkhod’s great and novel duties have mainly been absent from historical accounts made about the status of government during the Pahlavi era. The article is written based on historical research methods and documentary sources
mahdi khodami; Morteza Nouraei; asghar foroughiabri
Abstract
This study attempted to examine the performance of minor baladias during Pahlavi I. Minor baladia in Fars refers to the municipalities of Fars, except Shiraz. In these areas, the number of members of the Baldaia Association was only six. In those regions, baladia was a newly emerging system, where people ...
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This study attempted to examine the performance of minor baladias during Pahlavi I. Minor baladia in Fars refers to the municipalities of Fars, except Shiraz. In these areas, the number of members of the Baldaia Association was only six. In those regions, baladia was a newly emerging system, where people for the first time benefited from civil service. In this era, baladia turned into a mere means of governance, where the role of people diminished. Nonetheless, its performance affected the everyday life more than other state-run departments. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytic and document research. The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive picture of the activities of Small Baladias. The questions that this research seeks to answer include: a. how did governance in small and remote areas use public services? B. What was the most important problem for the government in providing services in remote areas? The research results are: 1) The government was trying to increase the number of municipalities 2) The baladias was provided urban services as much as possible, 3) in most areas of baladia, there was insufficient capability for civil service due to poor financial resources. Furthermore, this study attempted to figure out the root cause of key problems in small baladias
JALIL GHASSABIGAZKOUH; Hadi Valkili; yosef motavali.haghighi
Abstract
Mashhad as a center of Khorasan province was of great economic and commercial importance; as far as it can be considered as a large port in northeastern Iran for import and export of goods. Because of the good commercial status of Mashhad, some of Russia and Governmental merchants proceed to build the ...
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Mashhad as a center of Khorasan province was of great economic and commercial importance; as far as it can be considered as a large port in northeastern Iran for import and export of goods. Because of the good commercial status of Mashhad, some of Russia and Governmental merchants proceed to build the firms, commercial offices and companies in Mashhad. The aim of this study is to answer to two main questions: 1) what were the factors affecting the trade between Mashhad and Russia and the problems facing this trade from 1304 to 1344 AH? 2) which Russian trading companies entered into Mashhad trade in the time period in question and traded in which goods? Despite the lack of references about this study and the need for a detailed study with a descriptive-analytical approach, the findings indicate that establishment of Trans-Caspian Railway, dispatching Russian commercial staffs to mashhad and the activities of Russian consulates in Mashhad are some factors affecting trade between mashhad and Russia. And according to boycott of the Russian goods, insecurity and restrictions of Russian traders at Mashhad during the late Qajar, some firms such as Iral, Makrowich, Frank, Noble, Khloopkem, Stuackin, Venshtorg and Cantero Sayus imported oil, food, commodities and luxury goods and Russia firms supplied raw material for themselves
khadijeh hoseynzadeh; manizheh Sadri; simin fasihi; Monireh Kazemi Rashed
Abstract
Public health is about the individual, group and community. Components such as personal, social and environmental health and water are important. Considering the importance of water in public health, this study investigates the process of drinking water in Bushehr city from the Qajar to Pahlavi dynasty. ...
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Public health is about the individual, group and community. Components such as personal, social and environmental health and water are important. Considering the importance of water in public health, this study investigates the process of drinking water in Bushehr city from the Qajar to Pahlavi dynasty. We have answered this question in a descriptive and analytical way and with the help of historical data from historical research methods. The research findings show that with the efforts of the Qajar and Pahlavi governments in the process of developing and maintaining public health, the issue of drinking water became important from the Qajar period onwards. During the Pahlavi era, following the development plans of the country, public health was promoted, and with the establishment of health institutions and popular efforts, mechanisms were developed to supply piped water and potable water treatment in Bushehr despite existing obstacles.
mehdi Bazrgar; hadi vakili
Abstract
From the very first days of Ayatollah Seyyed Hassan Modarres assassination, reactions to it began. During the first Pahlavi era, the government objected to placing any sign that would identify his grave. These oppositions were questionable. The result of this news boycott was the transmission of "Mr. ...
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From the very first days of Ayatollah Seyyed Hassan Modarres assassination, reactions to it began. During the first Pahlavi era, the government objected to placing any sign that would identify his grave. These oppositions were questionable. The result of this news boycott was the transmission of "Mr. Shahid" narration among Kashmar people. Factors strengthened several narrations of "Mr. Shahid" from the beginning to the arrival of Ayatollah Ali Meshkini (1300-1386 AH). The narration published by Ayatollah Modarres became more powerful among kashmar people after his assassination. The time of Ayatollah Meshkini's exile led to discovery of Ayatollah Modarres political personality; which caused the expansion of the narrative of "Mr. Shahid". Gradually, new dimensions of the personality of Ayatollah Modarres were introduced. Our understanding of the question of why and how the shrine of Modarres became the focal point of the numerous protesters is that "Mr. Shahid`s" narrative during the years 1316 to 1357 AH was so influential that he could play a historical role in the ongoing developments in the years close to the Islamic Revolution in Kashmar. Ali Modarresi in the book Modarres Mard-e Rozgaran has a brief reference to Ayatollah Modarres among the people of Kashmar as "Mr. Shahid", but in this particular issue no scientific research has been done. In this descriptive and analytical study, which its data are based on archival, library and oral history, An attempt is made to address the impact of the narration of "Mr. Shahid" in advancing the Islamic Revolution model in Kashmar.
Mohammad Bakhtiari; matin eslahi; mahshid sadat eslahi
Abstract
The occupation of Iran by the Allies in World War II and its problems such as insecurity, inflation, hoarding, smuggling, and rural migration to cities, caused extensive damage to Iranian agriculture, including Isfahan. The government has taken various measures to deal with existing problems. The purpose ...
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The occupation of Iran by the Allies in World War II and its problems such as insecurity, inflation, hoarding, smuggling, and rural migration to cities, caused extensive damage to Iranian agriculture, including Isfahan. The government has taken various measures to deal with existing problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the success rate of government measures and actions to solve problems and improve the living conditions of farmers in Isfahan. A descriptive-analytical approach is used to investigate this issue and the method of data collection will be libraries and documents. The findings of the present study show that the Allied occupation of the country had a devastating impact on Iranian agriculture, which formed the main basis of the country's economy. To cope with the farmers' problems, the government took initiatives and policies such as repairing of canals and irrigation networks, encouraging farmers to cultivate the spring and pay long-term loans to farmers. But ultimately, these policies are very useful and effective because of the uncertainties of the states, the differences and conflicts between individuals and groups of different political and ethnic groups, the presence and defeat of foreign occupation forces, the drought and the impoverishment of agricultural products. And the agriculture of Isfahan, as in other parts of Iran, experienced worse conditions than before the occupation of the country by the Allies.
SHOKAT AFSHARI; abolfazl razavi
Abstract
Zanjan city had played a significant role in contemporary history,due to being located between Tehran and Azarbaijan. During World War II , this city due to the placement on the levelled roads and railway attracted the attention of Allies at first. when Iran was divided between The Allies at 1320, ...
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Zanjan city had played a significant role in contemporary history,due to being located between Tehran and Azarbaijan. During World War II , this city due to the placement on the levelled roads and railway attracted the attention of Allies at first. when Iran was divided between The Allies at 1320, Zanjan and other northern cities was transferred to Soviet. After this turning point , the Soviet's political- economic encroachment and interference in Zanjan city is appeared and the cause of the shortage of bread and cereal was the plunder measures of them in Zanjan. The Present study seeks to explain the condition of Zanjan during the World War II as long as looking for the answer of this question: what was the effect of The Allies' economic orientation in the dearth and famine, shortage of bread and cereal in Zanjan? According to the documents from 1319, wheat and other products' harvest in zanjan was in a good amount But The Soviets caused the shortage of bread and the local people's revolt with some steps such as buying wheat from free market, exporting the excess amount of wheat and other products and also dealership and hoarding.The present research approach is descriptive- analytic and the data has been collected by documentary method and library resources ,field research and oral interview.
mohammad jafar chamankar
Abstract
During World War II, the port of Bushehr was occupied During World War II, the port of Bushehr was occupied by the allies, like the rest of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. Throughout the war (1320-1324), Bushehr was the scene of a strong presence of English, Indian, and especially American ...
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During World War II, the port of Bushehr was occupied During World War II, the port of Bushehr was occupied by the allies, like the rest of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. Throughout the war (1320-1324), Bushehr was the scene of a strong presence of English, Indian, and especially American agents. The Allies aimed to send Soviet aid to all the military, economic infrastructure of the port. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of World War II on the port of Bushehr in a chronological process relying on largely unpublished archival records and public, economic publications. And the locality of the time is. The data set shows that despite the importance of Bushehr, the economic role of economists compared to previous periods, especially late Qajar and early Pahlavi move regressed show. As the end of the war draws nearer, its negative consequences are more pronounced on Bushehr. The adverse effects of several years after the end of World War II also affected the entire economic and social structure of Bushehr. Accordingly, Bushehr suffered a lot of social and economic damage in the challenge with the presence of a large number of foreign elements, and the process of degrading its position was accelerated. In this article, the researcher has tried to answer the following question: How did the consequences of World War II in a time process affect the deterioration of the economic situation of Bushehr port? In the end, it is concluded that the Second World War directly affected all aspects of domestic and foreign trade in Bushehr port and the resulting financial and social unrest, causing imbalances in various economic layers and severely weakening its position in Iran and the shores of the Persian Gulf.
Jahangir Khosravi Shakib; Soheila Torabi Farsani; alireza abtahi
Abstract
Choosing name for companies, Institutions, schools, and public universities in any government is related to its ideology. No doubt, any choice is appropriate to the views, thoughts and opinions of the authorities or decision-makers of that government. In other words, the survey of public schools’ ...
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Choosing name for companies, Institutions, schools, and public universities in any government is related to its ideology. No doubt, any choice is appropriate to the views, thoughts and opinions of the authorities or decision-makers of that government. In other words, the survey of public schools’ names is to study the ideology governing that society. The objective of this paper is to analyze the selected names for the schools of Lorestan province during the Pahlavi era. In this regard it has to been tried to provide an answer to these questions by descriptive-analytic method and exploring archival documents: what’s the relationship between selected names and ruling politics? What titles have been used for Lorestan schools during the first and second Pahlavi periods? What are the effective factors in choosing the name of Lorestan schools? The findings of this research show that the general views of Pahlavi government with ideological components such as nationalism, emphasis on Persian language, Archaism and centralization, -through government officials and agencies and departments of education- had a direct impact on choosing the name of schools in the province, and the type of school names in the first Pahlavi period is significantly different from the second, affected by historical events and the displacement of power.
Morteza Shahsavari; abbas ghamimai
Abstract
The failure of the Qajar – era security agencies and organizations to act on legal standards has created a climate of mistrust with fear and concern among the citizens. Therefore, the Tabriz State Association as an institution arising from the Iranian constitutional aspiration, along with the establishment ...
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The failure of the Qajar – era security agencies and organizations to act on legal standards has created a climate of mistrust with fear and concern among the citizens. Therefore, the Tabriz State Association as an institution arising from the Iranian constitutional aspiration, along with the establishment of institutions such as justice and the Appellate Court, considered the establishment of order and security an essential element of modern urban society and established the Tabriz Police Department. The present study aims at examining the causes of the formation of the “Tabriz Police Department” and comparing its performance with pre-constitutional security organizations by focusing on Tabriz, using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and newspapers. The findings of this study show that despite encountering numerous problems arising from the Tabriz’s eleven month resistance period and some of the misconceptions of the pre-constitutional period,Tabriz’s Police Department could perform its duties in accordance with the legal norms and avoidance of repetition in the short period after its formation and it have earned the trust of the citizens and, more importantly, helped to create an atmosphere of cooperation and mutual interaction between the people and the security and police forces
mikail vahidirad
Abstract
World War II, like World War I, despite its declaration of neutrality soon swamped Iran, its strategic position to help the Soviets overcome Germany paved the way for the British, US, and Soviet powers to occupy Iranian territory. The US military presence in Iran has been analyzed from the same perspective. ...
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World War II, like World War I, despite its declaration of neutrality soon swamped Iran, its strategic position to help the Soviets overcome Germany paved the way for the British, US, and Soviet powers to occupy Iranian territory. The US military presence in Iran has been analyzed from the same perspective. As helping the Soviet Union and trying to strengthen the supply corridor of the Soviet front. The question of the paper is whether the US presence in Iran was merely to help the Soviet Union, or whether the US, by withdrawing from the policy of the Monroe Doctrine, was practically seeking to play a role beyond that and seek to play a role in important and strategic regions of the world. In this article, using the method of historical research and the use of American documents, we seek to answer the contexts and reasons for the presence of this country in Iran during World War II. Our assumption is based on the fact that the United States, with sufficient knowledge of the strategic importance of the Persian Gulf during the war and also the day after the war, planned for a long-term presence and proceeded accordingly. The findings of the study also indicate that the United States, using various methods while inclining Iranian politicians to the West, by establishing a base and implementing policies to orient public opinion in Iran, has a long-term plan to be present in the Persian Gulf.
